3. Origin and history
The first domestication of soybean has been traced to the
eastern half of North China in the eleventh century B.C.
Soybean has been one of the five main plant foods of
China along with rice, soybeans, wheat, barley and millet.
According to early authors, soybean production was
localized in China until after the Chinese-Japanese war of
1894-95, when the Japanese began to import soybean oil
cake for use as fertilizer.
Shipments of soybeans were made to Europe about 1908,
and the soybean attracted world-wide attention.
4. Cont…
Europeans had been aware of soybeans as early as 1712
through the writing of a German botanist.
Some soybean seed may have been sent from China by
missionaries as early as 1740 and planted in France In
Indo-Pak sub-continent preliminary work on soybean was
started during the thirties in pre-partition Punjab by
initiating plantation in the rainfed areas and at Tandojam,
Sindh in 1960.
Commercial cultivation of soybean in Pakistan started in
early 1970's.
5. Cont…
Since the establishment of Oilseed Coordinated Program
at PARC in 1975, extensive variety evaluation work is in
progress at all the four research institutes of the Quetta -
Balochistan; Tandojam - Sindh; Faisalabad- Punjab; and
Tarnab (Peshawar)- NWFP.
The entries so far evaluated were received from
International Soybean Programme (INTSOY), Ohio
Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC)
and Asian Agricultural Research and Development Center
(A VRDC).
6. Introduction
Soybean is an annual plant up to 1.5 m.
Erect stem converted with a thick brownish hairs.
Leaves alternates, trifoliate with ovate leaflets and short
peduncles, the basal ones , simple.
Flowers white or white-violet, 5.6 cm long in cluster.
The fruits are pods of up to 7 cm long with one to four
seed inside. These show different colors depending upon
variety in question(mostly yellow, black or green)
7.
8. Botany
Local name; Soybean
Botanical name; Glycine max L.
Family; Leguminosae
Subfamily; Papilionoideae
Genus; Glycine
9.
10. Importance
• Soybean is one of the most important oilseed crops in the
world.
• It contains 18 to 22 % oil and have 40 to 42% of protein
• Therefore, it is the best source of protein and oil and truly
claim the title of the meat/oil that grows on plants.
• Generally, it is used in the food industry for flour, oil,
margarine, cookies, biscuit, candy, milk, vegetable cheese,
lecithin and many other products
12. Climatic Requirements
Temperature: Soybean can be grown successfully under a
wide range of temperatures.
The minimum and maximum soil temperatures for
germination of soybean seeds are approximately 5 oC and
40 O.
The optimum temperature for rapid vegetative growth
rate is about 30oC whereas, temperature above 40oC has
adverse effect on flower initiation and pod retention
13. Soil
Soybean can be grown on almost all well-drained soils.
However, crop is more productive on fertile loam soils.
Soybean is not sensitive to acidic soils as many other
legumes.
Soil with pH 6-7 is suitable for crop growth.
14. Fertilizer
Fertilizer application is important in the soybean
productigreat effect on yield.
N : P : K (kg ha-1 )
25 : 50 : 50
Fertilizers are usually broadcasted during seed-bed
preparation.
15. Cont…
Adding N fertilizer to soybeans usually decreases
nodulation.
Results in smaller amounts of N being symbiotically
fixed.
Therefore, nitrogen is recommended only when adequate
nodulation is not achieved.
However, supplemental N should not be applied within
30 days of emergence.
But should be applied before flowering, which is usually
early March to spring crop and late July to autumn crop
depending on maturity group of a variety.
16. Seed-bed Preparation
• Two to three ploughings followed by plankings are
sufficient to get proper tilth.
• This will improve moisture conservation of the soil which
is required for soil-seed interaction, good seed
germination, emergence, growth and development.
18. Planting Time
Province Time of planting Suitable Varieties
(Autumn Crop)
PUNJAB
Rainfed Area 1st week of July NARC-1, NARC-2,Williams-82, FS-85
Irrigated Area Mid July to Mid Aug NARC-1, NARC-2,Williams-82
SINDH
South June NARC-1, NARC-2, Williams-82
North Mid June to Mid July Malakand-96, Ajmeri and Kharif-93
KPK May to June Malakand-96, Ajmeri and Kharif-93
19. Province Time of planting Suitable Varieties
Spring Crop
PUNJAB
Irrigated Area Last week of January to 1st
week of Feb.
NARC-1, NARC-2, FS-85,
Williams-82
SINDH Mid January to 1stweek of
February
NARC-1, NARC-2,Williams-
82
KPK 1st week of March to mid
March
NARC-1, NARC-2, Swat-
84,Williams-82
20. Seed Rate
Seed rate @ 40 kg acre-1
planted at a depth of 3 to 5 cm
RxR 30 to 45 cm.
Optimum population of 120,000 to 130,000 plants per
acre.
20 to 24 plants per meter of row are generally
satisfactory.
However, low populations result in low poding height and
excessive branches but good lodging resistance.
21. Cont…
Generally, soybeans in narrow rows are higher yielding.
Because they capture more of the sun's energy which
drives photosynthetic machinery of the plant.
However, wide rows are used if the varieties are tall and
bushy type.
22. Method of Sowing
The method of sowing should meet three objectives:
1. adequate and uniform depth of seed placement.
2. adequate seed numbers and uniform distribution.
3. sufficient soil-seed contact for germination.
Under, existing conditions, soybean must be planted with
single row cotton drill or tractor drill because of their
consistency in producing good stands.
23. Method of sowing
Flat sowing
Bed sowing
Ridge sowing
Drill sowing
Chopa method
29. Water Requirement
Soybean Irrigation and Water Use Total soybean water use
in Missouri ranges from 15 – 25 inches depending on
maturity group, planting date, weather, and location.
From beginning bloom to full seed in the pod the soybean
plant will use 0.20 to 0.30 inches of water per day.
30. Cont…
Growth stage Water use (inches/day)
Germination and seedling 0.05 - 0.10
Rapid vegetative growth 0.10 - 0.20
Flowering to pod fill (full canopy) 0.20 - 0.30
Flowering to pod fill (full canopy) 0.05 - 0.20
36. Number of irrigation
Number of irrigations varies with climatic conditions,
management practices and length of growing season.
Moisture stress during flowering, pod filling and seed
development stages reduces yield.
Usually 6-7 irrigations are required for spring soybean.
2-3 irrigations for autumn crop depending upon the rains.
37. Critical stages
Irrigation must be given at the following stages:
i. Three weeks after germination
ii. Initiation of flowering
iii. Pod filling stage
iv. Seed development stage
45. Weed Management:
Weeds compete with soybeans for nutrient's, moisture and
light and thus, reduce yield.
A good weed control program should includes
combination of preventive, cultural, mechanical and
chemical practices.
46. Cultural Control
Crop Rotation
Crop rotation reduce the weeds populations of certain
weeds common to a particular crop.
It results in improved crop yield, quality, improved soil
conditions, and reduces the chance of plant disease and
insect infestation.
47. Tillage Practices
Deep and dry ploughing
gives a substantial control
of perennial weeds.
By tillage method, weeds
are buried with soil,
thrown over and with
disruption of the ultimate
relationship between the
weed, crop and soil.
48. Mechanical (Physical) Control
Hand weeding is the most
common practice and used
employed by the farmers,
two weddings are
recommenced during the
growing period.
Mechanical weeding by
rotary weeder control the
annual weeds effectively
and economically.
49. Chemical Control
Proper use of pre-
emergence herbicides i.e.
Pendimethalin 8(Stomp).
Trifluralin (Treflan) and
Oxadiazon (Ronstar) can be
applied after planting before
the germination of soybean.
These have been found very
effective in controlling a
wide range of grasses and
broad leaf weeds.
50. Herbicides, their doses and
time of application
S.No. Common name Trade name Rate
1. Pendimethalin Stomp 4.5 lit ha-1
2. Trifluralin Treflan-R 990-1480 ml ha-1
3. Oxadiazen Ronstar 3.2-3.7 lit ha-1
51. Insect pest
Seed maggot
Wireworm
White worm
White grub
Thrips
Bean leaf beetle
Armyworm and cutworm
Hairy caterpillar
Grasshopper
54. Bio Control
Many insect predators, parasites and pathogens occur in
soybean fields that help in keeping population of pest
species below economic levels.
However, experience has shown us that beneficial insects
and pathogens do not do a complete job, and that chemical
control becomes necessary.
55. Cultural Control
Early planted soybeans tend to receive the majority of the
overwhelming adult of flies and bugs, while late planted
will alleviate some of the problems with these two insects
and cutworm. Therefore, it is still more economical to
plant early for high yields and control any potential insect
problems with insecticides than it is to plant late for insect
control.
56. Chemical Control
For cutworm and termite apply powder of BHC @ 7 kg
per hectare or Dieldrin 20 EC @ 5-7 liters ha-1 mixed with
irrigation water.
For other insects especially flies, thrips and larvae spray;
Dimecron 100% @ 600 ml ha-1 or Methyl-Parathion 50
percent @ 800 to 1200 ml ha-1 Somicidin 20 EC @ 400 to
600 ml ha-1 dissolved in 250 liter of water, if attack is
severe spray two times with an interval of 8-10 days.
57. Diseases
Bacterial blight.
Bacterial pustule.
Brown spot.
Soybean mosaic.
Downy mildew.
Brown stem rot.
Pod and stem blight.
Soybean rust.
Soybean nematod.
58. Diseases
About 35 diseases of economic importance are known to
affect soybean throughout the world.
Diseases can reduce yield from 10 to 30 percent,
depending upon the severity, pathogen and weather
conditions.
In Pakistan only 6 major diseases have been observed and
these are anthracnose, charcoal rot, purple seed stain, pod
and stem blight and bacterial blight/pustule.
67. Cultural Control
Plough down crop residues
Crop rotation with non-leguminous crop.
Plant early before the soil temperature rises.
Reduce plant population, increase row width and avoid
high fertility to prevent a closed canopy, improve aeration
and increase drying in the canopy.
68. Preventive Measures
Plant quality and healthy seed, free of mechanical damage.
Harvest seed soybeans as soon as they are mature.
Avoid planting in wet and poorly drained soils to reduce
chances of the development of soil borne diseases (Root
rot).
Keep the crop free from weeds because they may be the
hosts to any diseases.
Seeds should be stored at 8 to 10 percent moisture at
15oC temperature to have more seed viability.
69. Cultural Control
Plough down crop residues
Crop rotation with non-leguminous crop.
Plant early before the soil temperature rises.
Reduce plant population, increase row width and avoid
high fertility to prevent a closed canopy, improve aeration
and increase drying in the canopy.
70. Chemical Control
Seed Treatment: To protect from soil born diseases, seed
should be treated before planting with one of the available
fungicides; Captan, Dithane M-45, Benlate and Tecto @
1.5-2 g per 1 kg seed.
Foliar Spray: At the appearance of disease symptoms,
after field survey foliar spray with one of the systemic
fungicides, Dithane M-45 @ 1 kg ha-1, Benlate and Tecto
@ 120-150 gm ha-1 dissolved in 250 liter of water should
be done after
71. Harvesting and Threshing
Spring ( May-June)
Autumn ( Nov – Dec )
Harvest when 90-95% pods turn yellow.
Dry for 5-6 days and then thresh.
77. Yield
Number of pods per plant is a function of spacing and
intercepted light while leaf N is a principal factor in
determining soybean seed yield.
The average farmers yield ranges from 1500 to 2500 kg
ha-1.
At Agricultural Research Institutes under high level
management practices the yields range from 2500 to 3500
kg ha-1.
