3. SUBTRACTIVE MANUFACTURING
Subtractive manufacturing is a process by
which 3D objects are constructed by
successively cutting material away from a
solid block of material.
Subtractive manufacturing can be done by
manually cutting the material but is most
typically done with a CNC Machine, lathe
machines, etc.,
4. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
Additive Manufacturing refers to a
process by which digital 3D design
data is used to build up a component
in layers by depositing material.
The term "3D printing" is increasingly
used as a synonym for Additive
Manufacturing.
Additive Manufacturing builds up
components layer by layer using
materials which are available in fine
powder form. A range of different
metals, plastics and composite
materials may be used.
6. STEREOLITHOGRAPHY (SLA)
Charles Hull, co-founder of 3D Systems, Inc in 1986
SLA 3D printers work with excess of liquid plastic that after some time hardens and forms
into solid object. Parts built with 3D printers type like this usually have smooth surfaces but
its quality very depends on the quality of SLA machine used.
Then SLA machine exposes the liquid plastic and laser starts to form the layer of the item.
After plastic hardens a platform of the printer drops down in the tank a fraction of a
millimeter and laser forms the next layer until printing is completed. Once all layers are
printed the object needs to be rinsed with a solvent and then placed in an ultraviolet oven
to finish processing.
Stereolithography is widely used in prototyping as it doesn’t require too much time to
produce an object and cost is relatively cheap comparing to other means of prototyping
7. DIGITAL LIGHT PROCESSING(DLP)
In1987 by Larry Hornbeck of Texas Instruments
Digital Light Processing is another 3D Printing process very similar to
stereolithography(SLA)
But what makes SLA and DLP processes unalike is a different source of light.
For DLP 3D amateurs generally use more conventional sources of lights such as arc
lamps. The other important piece of process is a liquid crystal display panel, that is being
applied to the whole surface of building material during single run of DLP process.
The material to be used for printing is liquid plastic resin that is placed in the
transparent resin container. The resin hardens quickly when affected by large amount of
light.
The printing speed is pretty impressive. The layer of hardened material can be created
with such printer in few seconds. When the layer is finished, it’s moved up and the next
layer is started to be worked on.
8.
9. FUSED DEPOSITION MODELING
(FDM)
Scott Crump, Stratasys Ltd. founder, in 1980s
FDM can go in high-performance and engineering-grade thermoplastic,
which is very beneficial for mechanic engineers and manufactures. FDM is
the only 3D printing technology that builds parts with production-grade
thermoplastics, so things printed are of excellent mechanical, thermal and
chemical qualities.
FDM Technology build objects layer by layer from the very bottom up by
heating and extruding thermoplastic filament.
FDM technology is widely spread nowadays in variety of industries such
as automobile companies like Hyundai and BMW or food companies like
Nestle and Dial.
10.
11. SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING (SLS)
Carl Deckard, a student of Texas University, and his
professor Joe Beaman in 1980s
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is a technique that uses laser as power
source to form solid 3D objects. The main difference between SLS and
SLA is that it uses powdered material in the vat instead of liquid resin as
stereolithography does.
SLS doesn’t need to use any support structures as the object being
printed is constantly surrounded by unsintered powder.
The material to print with might be anything from nylon, ceramics and
glass to some metals like aluminum, steel or silver.
12.
13. SELECTIVE LASER MELTING (SLM)
Group of Fraunhofer Institute ILT in 1995.
Selective laser melting (SLM) is a technique that also uses 3D CAD data as
a source and forms 3D object by means of a high-power laser beam that
fuses and melts metallic powders together.
The energy of laser is so intense that metal powder melts fully and forms
a solid object. After the layer is completed the process starts over again
for the next layer.
Metals that can be used for SLM include stainless steel, titanium, cobalt
chrome and aluminum.
14.
15. ELECTRONIC BEAM MELTING (EBM)
Arcam AB Inc. in the beginning 2000
EBM is another type of additive manufacturing for metal parts.
The same as SLM, this 3d printing method is a powder bed fusion
technique. While SLM uses high-power laser beam as its power source,
EBM uses an electron beam
The material used in EBM is metal powder that melts and forms a 3D part
layer by layer by means of a computer, that controls electron beam in
high vacuum. Contrary to SLS, EBM goes for full melting of the metal
powder. The process is usually conducted under high temperature up to
1000 °C.
16.
17. LAMINATED OBJECT MANUFACTURING
(LOM)
California-based company Helisys Inc.
During the LOM process, layers of adhesive-coated paper, plastic or
metal laminates are fused together using heat and pressure and then cut
to shape with a computer controlled laser or knife.
LOM printers use continuous sheet coated with an adhesive, which is laid
down across substrate with a heated roller. The heated roller that is
passed over the material sheet on substrate melts its adhesive. Then laser
or knife traces desired dimensions of the part.
After the layer is finished, the platform is moved down by about one-
sixteenth of an inch. A new sheet of the material is pulled across substrate
and adhered to it with a heated roller.
18.
19. POLY JET
PolyJet is a 3D printing technology that jets layers of liquid photopolymer as
thin as 16 microns (0.0006”) to build models and prototypes with extremely
complex geometries, fine details, and smooth surfaces.
We can even combine multiple colors and materials in one print to create
over-molded parts and models with multiple durometers.
The PolyJet rapid prototyping process uses high-resolution ink-jet
technology to produce parts quickly and economically – making it an
excellent option for presentation models, detailed prototypes, and master
patterns.
