Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
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Endocrine System Notes
1. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
The Endocrine System
Anatomy & Physiology II
2. Developmental Aspects of the
Endocrine System
⢠Most endocrine organs operate smoothly
until old age
⢠Menopause is brought about by lack of
efficiency of the ovaries
⢠Problems associated with reduced estrogen
are common
⢠Growth hormone production declines with age
⢠Many endocrine glands decrease output with
age
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4. Endocrine System Function:
⢠Second messenger system of the body
⢠Uses chemical messages (hormones)
that are released into the blood
⢠Hormones control several major
processes
⢠Reproduction
⢠Growth and development
⢠Mobilization of body defenses
⢠Maintenance of much of homeostasis
⢠Regulation of metabolism
Slide 9.1
5. Hormone Overview
⢠Hormones are produced by specialized
cells
⢠Cells secrete hormones into
extracellular fluids
⢠Blood transfers hormones to target sites
⢠These hormones regulate the activity of
other cells
⢠Three types: Amino acid, Steroid, & Lipid
based
6. Mechanisms of Hormone Action
⢠Hormones affect only certain tissues or
organs (target cells or organs)
⢠Target cells must have specific protein
receptors
⢠Hormone binding influences the working
of the cells
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7. Control of Hormone Release
⢠Hormone levels in the
blood are maintained by
negative feedback loop
⢠A stimulus (3 types)
triggers the release of
more hormone
⢠Hormone release stops
once an appropriate level
in the blood is reached
Slide 9.10
8. Hormonal Stimuli of Endocrine
Glands
⢠Endocrine glands
are activated by
other hormones
Figure 9.2a
Slide 9.11
9. Humoral Stimuli of Endocrine
Glands
⢠Changing blood
levels of certain
ions stimulate
hormone release
Figure 9.2b
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.12
10. Neural Stimuli of Endocrine Glands
⢠Nerve impulses
stimulate hormone
release
⢠Most are under
control of the
sympathetic nervous
system
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.13
11. Location of Major Endrocrine Organs
Figure 9.3
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12. Pituitary Gland âthe master glandâ
⢠Grape-sized, hangs
by a stalk from the
hypothalamus
⢠Protected by the
sphenoid bone
⢠Two functional lobes
⢠Anterior pituitary â
glandular tissue
⢠Posterior pituitary â
nervous tissue
13. Pituitary - Hypothalamus
Relationship
⢠Release of hormones is controlled by
releasing and inhibiting hormones
produced by the hypothalamus
⢠Hypothalamus produces two hormones
that are transported to neurosecretory
cells of the posterior pituitary
⢠The posterior pituitary is not strictly an
endocrine gland, but does release
hormones
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.21
14. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
Figure 9.4
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15. Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary
Figure 9.5
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16. Thyroid Gland
⢠Found at the base of
the throat
⢠Two lobes and a
connecting isthmus
⢠Produces two
hormones
⢠Thyroid hormone
⢠Calcitonin
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.23a
18. Adrenal Glands
⢠âTwo glands in oneâ
⢠Cortex â outer
glandular region in
three layers
⢠Medulla â inner
neural tissue region
⢠Sits on top of the
kidneys
19. Pancreatic Islets
⢠The pancreas is a mixed gland
⢠The islets of the pancreas produce
insulin and glucagon
20. Pineal Gland
⢠Found on the third
ventricle of the brain
⢠Secretes melatonin
⢠Helps establish the bodyâs
wake and sleep cycles
⢠May have other as-yet-
unsubstantiated functions
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.34
21. Thymus Gland
⢠Located posterior
to the sternum
⢠Largest in infants
and children
⢠Produces
thymosin
Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.35
22. Hormones of the Ovaries
⢠Estrogens
⢠Progesterones
Hormones of the Testes
⢠Interstitial cells of testes are
hormone-producing
⢠Produce several androgens
⢠Testosterone most significant
Slide 9.36