Domain Modeling Made Functional (DevTernity 2022)

1. Domain Modeling Made Functional (DevTernity 2022) @ScottWlaschin fsharpforfunandprofit.com

2. Functional programming: what is it good for? • Mathematical things only

3. Functional programming: what is it good for? • Mathematical things only • Interactive & collaborative domain modeling • Representing a domain model accurately

4. Functional Programming Domain Driven Design

5. Part I The importance of design

6. Input Output Process The software development process

7. Input Output Process The software development process

8. Input Output Process Garbage in Garbage out The software development process

9. Input Output Process (reduce) Garbage in (reduced) Garbage out The software development process

10. • Borrow from Agile and DDD • Agile contribution: – Rapid feedback during design • DDD contribution: – Stakeholders have a shared mental model – …which is also represented in the code How can we do design right?

11. Can you really make code represent the domain?

12. What non-developers think source code looks like and some C developers!

13. module CardGame = type Suit = Club | Diamond | Spade | Heart type Rank =Two |Three | Four | Five | Six | Seven | Eight | Nine |Ten | Jack | Queen | King type Card = Suit * Rank type Hand = Card list type Deck = Card list type Player = { Name:string; Hand:Hand } type Game = { Deck:Deck; Players: Player list } type Deal = Deck –› (Deck * Card) type PickupCard = (Hand * Card) –› Hand Shared language What DDD source code should look like

14. module CardGame = type Suit = Club | Diamond | Spade | Heart type Rank =Two |Three | Four | Five | Six | Seven | Eight | Nine |Ten | Jack | Queen | King type Card = Suit * Rank type Hand = Card list type Deck = Card list type Player = { Name:string; Hand:Hand } type Game = { Deck:Deck; Players: Player list } type Deal = Deck –› (Deck * Card) type PickupCard = (Hand * Card) –› Hand * means a pair. Choose one from each type list type is built in

15. Deal (original) Deck (remaining) Deck (on table) Card Modeling an action with a function type Deal = Deck -> (Deck * Card) Input Output

16. Pickup Card (updated) Hand (original) Hand (on table) Card Modeling an action with a function type PickupCard = (Hand * Card) –> Hand Input Output

17. module CardGame = type Suit = Club | Diamond | Spade | Heart type Rank =Two |Three | Four | Five | Six | Seven | Eight | Nine |Ten | Jack | Queen | King type Card = Suit * Rank type Hand = Card list type Deck = Card list type Player = { Name:string; Hand:Hand } type Game = { Deck:Deck; Players: Player list } type Deal = Deck –› (Deck * Card) type PickupCard = (Hand * Card) –› Hand

18. module CardGame = type Suit = Club | Diamond | Spade | Heart type Rank =Two |Three | Four | Five | Six | Seven | Eight | Nine |Ten | Jack | Queen | King type Card = Suit * Rank type Hand = Card list type Deck = Card list type Player = { Name:string; Hand:Hand } type Game = { Deck:Deck; Players: Player list } type Deal = Deck –› (Deck * Card) type PickupCard = (Hand * Card) –› Hand

19. module CardGame = type Suit = Club | Diamond | Spade | Heart type Rank =Two |Three | Four | Five | Six | Seven | Eight | Nine |Ten | Jack | Queen | King type Card = Suit * Rank type Hand = Card list type Deck = Card list type Player = { Name:string; Hand:Hand } type Game = { Deck:Deck; Players: Player list } type Deal = Deck –› (Deck * Card) type PickupCard = (Hand * Card) –› Hand Can non-programmers provide useful feedback?

20. Rapid feedback during the design stage

21. Building a shared mental model is an interactive process

22. ... type Deck = Card list type Deal = Deck –› (Deck * Card)

23. ... type Deck = Card list type Deal = ShuffledDeck –› (ShuffledDeck * Card)

24. ... type Deck = Card list type Deal = ShuffledDeck –› (ShuffledDeck * Card) type ShuffledDeck = Card list

25. ... type Deck = Card list type Deal = ShuffledDeck –› (ShuffledDeck * Card) type ShuffledDeck = Card list type Shuffle = Deck –› ShuffledDeck

26. ... type Deck = Card list type Deal = ShuffledDeck –› (ShuffledDeck * Card) type ShuffledDeck = Card list type Shuffle = Deck –› ShuffledDeck

27. Final version of the domain

28. module CardGame = type Suit = Club | Diamond | Spade | Heart type Rank = Two |Three | Four | Five | Six | Seven | Eight | ... type Card = Suit * Rank type Hand = Card list type Deck = Card list type Player = { Name:string; Hand:Hand } type Game = { Deck:Deck; Players: Player list } type Deal = ShuffledDeck –› (ShuffledDeck * Card) type ShuffledDeck = Card list type Shuffle = Deck –› ShuffledDeck type PickupCard = (Hand * Card) –› Hand

30. In the real world Suit Rank Card Hand Deck Player Deal In the code Suit Rank Card Hand Deck Player Deal

31. In the real world Suit Rank Card Hand Deck Player Deal In the code Suit Rank Card Hand Deck Player Deal ShuffledDeck Shuffle ShuffledDeck Shuffle 

32. In the real world Suit Rank Card Hand Deck Player Deal In the code Suit Rank Card Hand Deck Player Deal PlayerController DeckBase AbstractCardProxyFactoryBean 

35. Again: The process of building the shared mental model is critical! Collaboration!

36. Key DDD principle: Communicate the design in the code

37. A domain modeling challenge!

38. type Contact = { FirstName: string MiddleInitial: string LastName: string EmailAddress: string IsEmailVerified: bool } // true if ownership of // email address is confirmed

39. type Contact = { FirstName: string MiddleInitial: string LastName: string EmailAddress: string IsEmailVerified: bool } Prologue: which values are optional?

40. type Contact = { FirstName: string MiddleInitial: string LastName: string EmailAddress: string IsEmailVerified: bool } Prologue: what are the constraints?

41. type Contact = { FirstName: string MiddleInitial: string LastName: string EmailAddress: string IsEmailVerified: bool } Prologue: domain logic?

42. Prologue: F# can help type Contact = { FirstName: string MiddleInitial: string LastName: string EmailAddress: string IsEmailVerified: bool }

43. Prologue: F# can help type Contact = { FirstName: string MiddleInitial: string LastName: string EmailAddress: string IsEmailVerified: bool }

44. Part II Understanding FP type systems

45. FP principle: Composition everywhere

46. Composition = Make big things from small things

47. Algebraic type system

48. New types are built from smaller types by: Composing with “AND” Composing with “OR”

49. All languages have this. Example: pairs, tuples, records FruitSalad = One each of and and Compose with “AND” type FruitSalad = { Apple: AppleVariety Banana: BananaVariety Cherry: CherryVariety }

50. Snack = or or Compose with “OR” type Snack = | Apple of AppleVariety | Banana of BananaVariety | Cherry of CherryVariety

51. A real world example of composing types

52. Some requirements: We accept three forms of payment: Cash, PayPal, or Card. For Cash we don't need any extra information For PayPal we need a email address For Cards we need a card type and card number

53. interface IPaymentMethod {..} class Cash() : IPaymentMethod {..} class PayPal(string emailAddress): IPaymentMethod {..} class Card(string cardType, string cardNo) : IPaymentMethod {..} In OO design you would probably implement it as an interface and a set of subclasses, like this:

54. type EmailAddress = string type CardNumber = string In FP you would probably implement by composing types, like this:

55. type EmailAddress = ... type CardNumber = … type CardType = Visa | Mastercard type CreditCardInfo = { CardType : CardType CardNumber : CardNumber }

56. type EmailAddress = ... type CardNumber = ... type CardType = ... type CreditCardInfo = ... type PaymentMethod = | Cash | PayPal of EmailAddress | Card of CreditCardInfo

57. type EmailAddress = ... type CardNumber = ... type CardType = ... type CreditCardInfo = ... type PaymentMethod = | Cash | PayPal of EmailAddress | Card of CreditCardInfo

58. type EmailAddress = ... type CardNumber = ... type CardType = ... type CreditCardInfo = ... type PaymentMethod = | Cash | PayPal of EmailAddress | Card of CreditCardInfo type PaymentAmount = decimal type Currency = EUR | USD

59. type EmailAddress = ... type CardNumber = ... type CardType = ... type CreditCardInfo = ... type PaymentMethod = | Cash | PayPal of EmailAddress | Card of CreditCardInfo type PaymentAmount = decimal type Currency = EUR | USD type Payment = { Amount : PaymentAmount Currency : Currency Method : PaymentMethod }

60. type EmailAddress = ... type CardNumber = ... type CardType = ... type CreditCardInfo = ... type PaymentMethod = | Cash | PayPal of EmailAddress | Card of CreditCardInfo type PaymentAmount = decimal type Currency = EUR | USD type Payment = { Amount : PaymentAmount Currency : Currency Method : PaymentMethod }

61. Part III Domain modeling with composable types

62. type Contact = { FirstName: string MiddleInitial: string LastName: string EmailAddress: string IsEmailVerified: bool } // true if ownership of // email address is confirmed This looks suspiciously like database-driven design...

63. type Contact = { Name: PersonalName Email: EmailContactInfo } "A contact has a name AND email info" "Like this?..."

64. type Contact = { Name: PersonalName Email: EmailContactInfo } "A contact has a name AND email info" We have two new concepts already!

65. type PersonalName = { FirstName: string MiddleInitial: string LastName: string } "What's a personal name?"

66. type PersonalName = { FirstName: string MiddleInitial: string LastName: string } required required optional "What's required or optional?"

67. Modeling optional values

68. Null is not the same as “optional” Length string –› int “a” “b” “c” 1 2 3 “a” “b” “c” null

69. Null is not the same as “optional” Length string –› int “a” “b” “c” null 1 2 3

70. Null is not allowed Length string –› int “a” “b” “c” null 1 2 3 X

71. A better way for optional values + = “a” “b” “c” “a” “b” “c” missing or Tag with “Nothing” type OptionalString = | SomeString of string | Nothing

73. type Option<'T> = | Some of 'T | None

74. type Option<'T> = | Some of 'T | None

75. type PersonalName = { FirstName: string MiddleInitial: Option<string> LastName: string }

76. type PersonalName = { FirstName: string MiddleInitial: string option LastName: string }

77. Modeling simple values and constrained values

78. Modeling simple values • Avoid "Primitive Obsession" • Simple values should not be modelled with primitive types like "int" or "string" or "float" "Does 'float' have something to do with water?"

79. Modeling constrained values • It's rare to have an unconstrained int or string: – An EmailAddress must not be empty, it must match a pattern – A PhoneNumber must not be empty, it must match a pattern – A CustomerId must be a positive integer

80. Is an EmailAddress just a string? No! Is a CustomerId just a int? No!

81. type EmailAddress = EmailAddress of string Use wrapper types to keep domain concepts distinct from their representation type CustomerId = CustomerId of int type String50 = String50 of string

82. type EmailAddress = EmailAddress of string type PhoneNumber = PhoneNumber of string type CustomerId = CustomerId of int type OrderId = OrderId of int Two benefits: - Clearer domain modelling - Can't mix them up accidentally

83. Implementing constructors for constrained types

84. let createEmailAddress (s:string) = if s.Contains("@") then (EmailAddress s) else ? createEmailAddress: string –› EmailAddress

85. let createEmailAddress (s:string) = if s.Contains("@") then Some (EmailAddress s) else None createEmailAddress: string –› EmailAddress option

86. type String50 = String50 of string let createString50 (s:string) = if s.Length <= 50 then Some (String50 s) else None createString50 : string –› String50 option

87. + – 999999 Qty: Add To Cart

88. type OrderLineQty = OrderLineQty of int let createOrderLineQty qty = if qty > 0 && qty <= 99 then Some (OrderLineQty qty) else None createOrderLineQty: int –› OrderLineQty option

89. The "Contact" challenge, after first refactor

90. type Contact = { FirstName: string MiddleInitial: string LastName: string EmailAddress: string IsEmailVerified: bool }

91. type Contact = { FirstName: string MiddleInitial: string option LastName: string EmailAddress: string IsEmailVerified: bool } Use option type for potentially missing values

92. type Contact = { FirstName: String50 MiddleInitial: String1 option LastName: String50 EmailAddress: EmailAddress IsEmailVerified: bool } Use wrapper types instead of primitives

93. type PersonalName = { FirstName : String50 MiddleInitial : String1 option LastName : String50 } type EmailContactInfo = { EmailAddress : EmailAddress IsEmailVerified : bool } Also acts as "consistency boundaries" 2 different domain concepts

94. Replacing flags with choices

95. What about this? type EmailContactInfo = { EmailAddress : EmailAddress IsEmailVerified : bool }

96. • Rule 1: If the email is changed, the verified flag must be reset to false. • Rule 2: The verified flag can only be set by a special verification service type EmailContactInfo = { EmailAddress : EmailAddress IsEmailVerified : bool }

97. Listen closely to what the domain expert says... type EmailContactInfo = | Unverified of EmailAddress | Verified of ??? So model it as a choice "An email address is either Verified OR Unverified"

98. "Email contact info is either Verified OR Unverified" type EmailContactInfo = | Unverified of EmailAddress | Verified of ???

99. "Email contact info is either Verified OR Unverified" type EmailContactInfo = | Unverified of EmailAddress | Verified of ???

100. type VerifiedEmail = VerifiedEmail of EmailAddress "there is no problem that can’t be solved by wrapping it in another type" Q: Is a verified email different from an unverified email? Are there different business rules? A: Yes, it must not be mixed up with unverified.

101. "Email contact info is either Verified OR Unverified" type EmailContactInfo = | Unverified of EmailAddress | Verified of VerifiedEmail

102. type VerificationService = (EmailAddress * VerificationHash) –› VerifiedEmail option So model it as a function Q: Where do we get Verified emails from? A: A special verification process

103. type VerifiedEmail = VerifiedEmail of EmailAddress type EmailContactInfo = | Unverified of EmailAddress | Verified of VerifiedEmail type VerificationService = (EmailAddress * VerificationHash) –› VerifiedEmail option Q: Are the business rules clear now?

106. type VerifiedEmail = VerifiedEmail of EmailAddress type EmailContactInfo = | Unverified of EmailAddress | Verified of VerifiedEmail type VerificationService = (EmailAddress * VerificationHash) –› VerifiedEmail option Those business rules are automatically enforced by the design!

107. The "Contact" challenge, completed

108. type EmailAddress = ... type VerifiedEmail = VerifiedEmail of EmailAddress type EmailContactInfo = | Unverified of EmailAddress | Verified of VerifiedEmail type PersonalName = { FirstName: String50 MiddleInitial: String1 opt LastName: String50 } type Contact = { Name: PersonalName Email: EmailContactInfo }

109. type EmailAddress = ... type VerifiedEmail = VerifiedEmail of EmailAddress type EmailContactInfo = | Unverified of EmailAddress | Verified of VerifiedEmail type PersonalName = { FirstName: String50 MiddleInitial: String1 opt LastName: String50 } type Contact = { Name: PersonalName Email: EmailContactInfo }

110. type PersonalName = { FirstName: String50 MiddleInitial: String1 opt LastName: String50 } type Contact = { Name: PersonalName Email: EmailContactInfo } type EmailAddress = ... type VerifiedEmail = VerifiedEmail of EmailAddress type EmailContactInfo = | Unverified of EmailAddress | Verified of VerifiedEmail

115. Refactoring towards deeper insight

116. type SendPasswordReset = EmailAddress -> ... If emailAddress.IsVerified then send password else error "this should never happen" Business rule: Only send password resets to verified emails "this should never happen" 

117. type VerifiedEmail = ... type SendPasswordReset = VerifiedEmail -> ... Business rule: Only send password resets to verified emails

118. Part IV Encoding business rules with types "Make illegal states unrepresentable!" –Yaron Minsky

119. type Contact = { Name: Name Email: EmailContactInfo Address: PostalContactInfo }

120. type Contact = { Name: Name Email: EmailContactInfo Address: PostalContactInfo } New rule: “A contact must have an email or a postal address”

121. type Contact = { Name: Name Email: EmailContactInfo option Address: PostalContactInfo option } New rule: “A contact must have an email or a postal address”

122. Let’s make illegal states unrepresentable!

123. “A contact must have an email or a postal address” implies: • email address only, or • postal address only, or • both email address and postal address

124. type ContactInfo = | EmailOnly of EmailContactInfo | AddrOnly of PostalContactInfo | EmailAndAddr of EmailContactInfo * PostalContactInfo type Contact = { Name: Name ContactInfo : ContactInfo } “A contact must have an email or a postal address”

125. Composable types are almost as awesome as this

126. Collaboration is two-way. It's OK to push back

127. “A contact must have an email or a postal address” “A contact must have at least one way of being contacted”

128. “A contact must have at least one way of being contacted” type Contact = { Name: Name PrimaryContactInfo: ContactInfo SecondaryContactInfo: ContactInfo option } type ContactInfo = | Email of EmailContactInfo | Addr of PostalContactInfo

130. Summary • Represent the shared mental model in code – The developers should become domain experts too – Design collaboratively to build the shared mental model • Designs will evolve – Embrace change. This is not Big Design Up Front – Refactor towards deeper insight – Static types give you confidence to make changes

131. Summary • Use the power of a composable type system – Choices rather than inheritance – Options instead of null – Avoid primitive types – Model constraints with new types – Make illegal states unrepresentable

132. Slides and video at fsharpforfunandprofit.com/ddd Thanks!

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