Sciencecafe Zeist 10 Dec 2009
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Behandeling kanker: boeken we echt vooruitgang? door prof. dr Emiel E. Voest hoofd Medische Oncologie UMC Utrecht
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Sciencecafe Zeist 10 Dec 2009
- 1. Sciencecafé Zeist 10 December 2009 Behandeling van kanker Boeken we echt vooruitgang ? Prof Dr Emile E Voest UMC Utrecht Cancer Center
- 4. Celdeling – the Movie
- 5. Checkpoints and Cancer DNA damage X Spindle damage X Checkpoint 1 Checkpoint 2
- 6. Cancer cell Checkpoints and Cancer Normal cell Mutations, deletions Chromosome translocations Chromosome instability (aneuploidy) 8 9 10 11 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 1 2 3 13 6 7 4 5 12 y x 20 7 8 4 9 6 1 2 3 5 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 x y
- 7. Kleine veranderingen kunnen grote consequenties hebben
- 8. Angiogenesis is involved throughout tumour formation, growth and metastasis Adapted from Poon RT-P, et al. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:1207–25 Stages at which angiogenesis plays a role in tumour progression Premalignant stage Malignant tumour Tumour growth Vascular invasion Dormant micrometastasis Overt metastasis (Avascular tumour) (Angiogenic switch) (Vascularised tumour) (Tumour cell intravasation) (Seeding in distant organs) (Secondary angiogenesis)
- 9. EPC contribute to tumor angiogenesis and cancer progression Lyden D. et al. Nature, 401:670-677;1999. Lyden D. et al. Nat.Med., 7: 1194-1201, 2001. Adult mice with reduced Id gene dosages cannot support neo-angiogenesis when challenged with tumor Maar de gastheer speelt ook een belangrijke rol
- 10. Host response to treatment Roodhart et al. BBA Reviews on Cancer, 2009
- 11. Chemotherapy induced release of progenitor cells home to the tumor Shaked et al. Cancer Cell 2008
- 12. Chemotherapy induces the release of endothelial progenitor cells DC101 is an anti-VEGFR antibody Shaked, et al. Cancer Cell 2008
- 15. Anti-VEGF therapy regresses some existing tumour microvasculature Yuan et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:14765–70 Control Bevacizumab Colorectal cancer xenograft model
- 16. Abnormal vasculature normalised following anti-VEGF therapy Inai T, et al. Am J Pathol 2004;165:35 –52 Normalised size and shape Reduced permeability
- 17. PTK 787 induces significant reduction in tumor blood flow Baseline Reduction in tumor blood flow through liver metastases at day 2 is significantly correlated with positive clinical outcome Wood, Semin Oncol (July 2003) Day 2
- 18. Radiolabeled bevacizumab Nagengast et al. J Nuclear Med 2007 Day 1 Day 3 Day 7
- 20. De HER receptoren HER 1 EGFR ErbB1 HER 2 ErbB2 Neu Her 3 and 4 ErbB3 ErbB4 EGF TGFalpha Amphiregulin Betacellulin Epiregulin Epiregulin Neuregulins No known ligand
- 21. The importance of EGFR as a target
- 27. Pivotal Herceptin combination therapy trial (H0648g) Time to progression – HER2 3+ patients 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time (months) Probability of survival Herceptin ® + CT = 7.8 m CT alone = 4.6 m p<0.05
- 28. Agents targeting the VEGF pathway VEGF VEGF receptor-2 Cation channel Permeability Antibodies inhibiting VEGF (e.g. bevacizumab (Avastin TM ) Antibodies inhibiting VEGF receptors Soluble VEGF receptors (VEGF-TRAP) Small-molecules inhibiting VEGF receptors (TKIs) (e.g. PTK-787) Ribozymes (Angiozyme) – P – P P– P– – P – P P– P– – P – P P– P– Migration, permeability, DNA synthesis, survival Lymphangiogenesis Angiogenesis TKI = tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- 29. Phase III trial of IFL ± Avastin in metastatic CRC (AVF2107g): progression-free survival Hurwitz H, et al. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2335–42 Median progression-free survival (months) IFL + placebo: 6.2 (95% CI: 5.6 – 7.7) IFL + Avastin: 10.6 (95% CI: 9.0–11.0) HR=0.54 (95% CI: 0.45–0.66) p<0.001 Probability of being progression-free 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 10 20 30 Time (months) 6.2 10.6 IFL + Avastin IFL + placebo CRC = colorectal cancer CI = confidence interval
- 31. Progression Free Survival 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Months PFS Probability 0 6 12 18 24 30 HR = 0.51 (0.43-0.62) Log Rank Test p<0.0001 Pac. + Bev. 11.4 months Paclitaxel 6.11 months 484 events reported
- 34. CAIRO2 Arm A Arm B Randomisatie Capecitabine Oxaliplatin Bevacizumab Capecitabine Oxaliplatin Bevacizumab Cetuximab
- 35. Hazard ratio= 1,22 (1,04-1,43) p= 0,01 Mediaan (95% CI) CT + bev 10.7 (9.7-12.3) CT + bev + cetuximab 9.4 (8.4-10.5)
- 39. Patienten met kanker Behandeling Medicijn A Medicijn B Medicijn C Medicijn D Kanker soort Huidige situatie: simplistische indeling op orgaan borst prostaat darm long
- 40. Patienten met kanker Behandeling Medicijn A Medicijn B Medicijn C Medicijn D Kanker soort Realiteit: kanker is een unieke ziekte, uniforme behandeling is beperkt succesvol borst long darm prostaat
- 41. Patienten met borstkanker Behandeling Herceptin Kanker soort Huidige situatie: iets minder simplistisch Her2 positief Her2 negatief
- 42. Patienten met kanker Behandeling Medicijn A Medicijn B Medicijn C Medicijn D Unieke kanker per patient Gewenste situatie Medicijn A+D Medicijn B+D etc
- 43. Cancer: past, present and future Past Present Future
- 44. Een droom Patient with cancer Biopsy Mutational analysis tumor genome Selection of appropriated therapy Prolong survival
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Use as an example of DCE-MRI – please caveat that this case is obviously anecdotal however in the early phase I studies, positive clinical outcomes (defined as lack of progression – MR, SD) was significantly correlated with a reduction in tumor blood flow as measured by DCE MRI.
- The EGFR intracellular signaling cascade stimulates not only cell proliferation but also protection from apoptosis, loss of differentiation, angiogenesis, cell migration and metastasis formation (ie all the key processes involved in tumorigenesis) [1]. EGFR is expressed in a high proportion of solid tumors, in particular head and neck, lung and colorectal cancer [2]. Expression has been correlated with disease progression [3]. Many studies have shown that EGFR expression can be an adverse prognostic factor for cancer treatment outcome [2]. ‘ Evidence for a role for the EGFR in the inhibition and pathogenesis of various cancers has led to the rational design and development of agents that selectively target this receptor,’ Baselga 2002 [3]. Baselga J. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37 Suppl 4:S16–S22. Nicholson RI, Gee JMW, Harper ME. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37 Suppl 4:S9–S15. Baselga J. The Oncologist 2002; 7 Suppl 4:2–8.
- Trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the extracellular domain of the transmembrane glycoprotein HER2/ neu (c-erbB-2), provides clinicians with a valuable option in the treatment of women with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. HER2, a member of the EGFR family that includes HER1 (EGFR-1), HER3, and HER4, is amplified or overexpressed in the tumors of approximately 20% of all patients with metastases. Measurement of HER2 is best done using FISH techniques that accurately assesses gene amplification. IHC methods using a variety of antibodies are also useful. There is an excellent direct correlation between positivity on FISH testing and 3+ positive staining by IHC (on a scale of 0 to 3+)
- Overexpression of VEGF by tumour cells can be targeted by antibodies against VEGF antibodies against VEGF receptors soluble VEGF receptors that bind circulating VEGF small molecule inhibitors of VEGF receptors catalytic RNA molecules (ribozymes), which cleave VEGF receptor mRNA.
- Progression-free survival was also significantly increased by 71% in the IFL plus Avastin arm (10.6 [95% CI 9.0–11.0] vs 6.2 [95% CI 5.6–7.7] months, p<0.001). 1 The stratified hazard ratio for disease progression or death during first‑line therapy in the IFL plus Avastin arm relative to the IFL plus placebo arm was 0.54 (95% CI 0.45–0.66). It is interesting to note that the difference in overall and progression-free survival between the two treatment arms is relatively constant at 4.7 and 4.4 months. Together with the study design, in which the treatment arms differed only with the addition of Avastin to IFL, this suggests that the increase in survival is due to the addition of Avastin. Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W, et al. Avastin plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2335–42.