3. Meaning of phenomenology
Phenomenology is the philosophical study of the
structures of experience and consciousness.
Phenomenology is derived from the Greek words
phainaÓmen
on
logos
that which
appears study
M
E
A
N
S
M
E
A
N
S
4. Meaning of phenomenology
It is the study of phenomena.
Phenomenology studies the structure of various
types of experiences from the perception,
thoughts, including linguistic activity.
It studies many types of experiences from
Thought
Memory
Imagination
Emotion
Desire
5. Definition
According to Sokolowski (2002): phenomenology
is the study of human experience and of the ways
things present themselves to us in and through
such experience.
According to Smith (2008): phenomenology is the
study of structures of consciousness as
experienced from the first-person point of view.
6. Edmund Husserl
Father of phenomenology.
He was a German philosopher and
mathematician.
Husserl was born in 1859 in prostejov.
Husserl studied mathematics, physics, and
astronomy.
He was a professor philosophy.
7. Edmund Husserl
According to Husserl phenomenology is primarily
concerned with the systematic reflection on and
the study of the structures of consciousness and
the phenomena that appear in acts of
consciousness.
According to Husserl, “with the phenomenological
school, emphasized the study of meanings and
ideal objects, of the psychological conscience of
the world and of science.”
8. Etymology
Three meaning of phenomenology
For G.W.F.Hegel : phenomenology is an
approach to philosophy that begins with an
exploration of phenomena (what presents itself to
us in conscious experience ) as a means to finally
grasp the absolute, logical, ontological and
metaphysical spirit that is behind phenomena.
This has been called dialectical phenomenology.
9. Etymology
For Edmund Husserl : Phenomenology is the
reflective study of the essence of consciousness
as experienced from the first person point of view.
Phenomenology takes the intuitive experience of
phenomena as its starting point and tries to
extract from it the essential features of
experiences and the essence of what we
experience. When generalized to the essential
features of experiences and the essence of what
we experience . When generalized to the
essential features of any possible experience, this
has been called transcendental phenomenology.
10. Elements of Phenomenology
Elements of
phenomenol
ogy
Study of the lived
experience of
persons
The development of
interpretations of the
essences of these
experiences.
Experience is a
conscious
process
12. Types of phenomenology
1. Transcendental constitute phenomenology: it
studies how objects are constituted in studies
how objects are constituted in transcendental
consciousness setting aside questions of any
relation to the natural world.
2. Naturalistic phenomenology: it studies how
consciousness constitutes things in the world of
nature, assuming things in the world of nature,
assuming with the natural attitude that
assuming with the natural attitude that
consciousness is part of nature.
13. Types of phenomenology
3. Existential phenomenology studies concrete
human existence, including our experience of
free choice and/or action in concrete situations.
4. Generative historic phenomenology studies how
meaning-as found in our experience-is
generated in historical process of collective
experience over time.
14. Types of phenomenology
5. Genetic phenomenology studies the emergence
/genesis of meanings of things within one’s own
stream of experience.
6. Hermeneutical phenomenology studies
interpretive structures of experience.
7. Realistic phenomenology studies interpretive
structure of consciousness and intentionality as it
occurs in a real world that is largely external to
consciousness and not somehow brought into
being by consciousness and not somehow
brought into being by consciousness.
15. Features of phenomenology
Phenomenology help in raising an understanding
of the relationship between states of individual
consciousness and social life
Phenomenology attempts to uncover how human
awareness is implicated in the production of a
social action, social situation and social world.
16. Characteristics of
phenomenology
Use of subjective data to describe an objective
truth.
Researcher’s own experiences integrated into the
study
Focus on finding the common thread in
phenomenon.
It is a holistic, qualitative and idiographic
approach.
Focus on individual experience of the world.
Focus on interpretation of events, not the events
themselves.
Phenomenology opposes naturalism, i.e.
Objectivism and positivism.
17. Purpose of phenomenological
research
To illuminate the specific, to identify
phenomena through how they are
perceived by the actors in a situations.
Pure phenomenological research seeks
essentially to describe rather than explain
and to start from perspective free from
hypothesis or preconceptions.
18. characteristics of phenomenological
reasearch
Rich and detailed descriptions of the
phenomenon being investigated.
The description should present ‘how’ the
participants experienced the phenomenon.
The researcher have to keep an open mind and
listen in receptive manner.
The researcher have to set aside the
preconceived knowledge or everyday beliefs.
Imaginative variation is the important part of the
phenomenological research.
19. Steps of phenomenological research.
Selection
of research
question
Selection of
participants
Collection of
data (eg.
Interview)
Organising,
analysing and
synthesising
data
Listing and
preliminary
grouping
Reduction and
elimination
20. Elements of phenomenological
research
1.Identification of a shared
experience.
2. Phenomenological research attempts to
locate the universal nature of an
experience.
3. Attempts to identify shared experience
among various individuals experiencing the
same phenomena
4. Attempts to locate the essence of the
experience.
5. The account of their experience include
•What was experienced?
•How they experienced it?
21. Phenomenological Methodology
1. Identify phenomena.
2. Bracket and interpret researcher bias and
expectation.
3. Data collection.
4. Reduction (identification of salient or seminal
points of interpretation/description).
5. Description of themes.
a) Textural description: what participants
experienced.
b) Structural description: how participants
experienced.
c) Essence of the experience: combination of both
textural and structural descriptions.
22. phenomenological research
sampling
Small samples (probably no more than
10 participants ) are most suitable for
this type of research.
Data collection
methods
1.Interviews/speech
2.Diaries/written
3.Drawings/non-verbal
4.Observation.
23. Phenomenological research
Data analysis:
Procedure
Epokhhe
Identifying common meanings and essences.
Horizontalization of data
Textual and structural analysis.
Textual analysis refers to the description of what is
expressed by the participants.
structural analysis refers to the interpretation of how
it is expressed by the participants.
