satish

1. E-WASTE MANAGEMENT
TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electronics and Communication Engineering
by
V.NAGA VENKATA SATISH
(17PA1A04C4)
Under the esteemed guidance
of
Dr. Prakash Pareek
Associate Professor, ECE Department
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
VISHNU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(A)
(Approved by AICTE&Affiliated to JNTU Kakinada)
Accredited by NAAC and NBA
Vishnupur, Bhimavaram-534202

2. VISHNU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (A)
(Approved by AICTE&Affiliated to JNTU Kakinada)
Accredited by NAAC and NBA
Vishnupur, Bhimavaram-534202.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the technical seminar entitled ElectronicSkinis being submitted by V.NAGA
VENKATA SATISH [18PA5A0434] partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering is a record of bona fide work carried
out by him under my guidance and supervision during academic year 2020-2021 and it has been
found worthy of acceptance according to the requirements of the university.
Seminar Guide Coordinator H.O.D/E.C.E
Dr. Prakash Pareek K. Ramesh Chandra Dr. N. Padmavathy
Associate Professor Associate Professor Professor

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our most sincere and grateful acknowledgement is due to this sanctum, Vishnu Institute of
Technology, for giving us opportunity to fulfill my aspirations and for successful completion of
Graduation.
I express my heartfelt thanks to our Principal Dr. D. Suryanarayana for providing us
with the necessary facilities to carry out this work.
It is great pleasure for me to acknowledge the guidance, encouragement and support that I
have received from, Dr. Prakash Pareek, Associate Professor, Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering, Vishnu Institute of Technology. I am thankful for his continuous
assistance and invaluable suggestions. He not only provided me help whenever needed, but also
the resources required to complete this seminar report on time.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Coordinator K. Ramesh Chandra, Associate
Professor, Vishnu Institute of Technology and Dr. N. Padmavathy, H.O.D, Electronics &
Communication Engineering, Vishnu Institute of Technology.
Finally, yet importantly, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my beloved parents
for their blessings, friends/classmates for their help and wishes.
V.NAGA VENKATA SATISH
(18PA5A0434)

4. E-WASTE MANAGEMENT
Abstract
Electronic waste or e-waste is any broken or unwanted electrical or electronic appliance. E-waste
includes computers, entertainment electronics, mobile phones and other items that have been
discarded by their original users. E-waste is the inevitable by-product of a technological
revolution. Driven primarily by faster, smaller and cheaper microchip technology, society is
experiencing an evolution in the capability of electronic appliances and personal electronics. For
all its benefits, innovation brings with it the byproduct of rapid obsolescence. According to the
EPA, nationally, an estimated 5 to 7 million tons of computers, televisions, stereos, cell phones,
electronic appliances and toys, and other electronic gadgets become obsolete every year.
According to various reports, electronics comprise approximately 1 – 4 percent of the municipal
solid waste stream. The electronic waste problem will continue to grow at an accelerated rate.
Electronic, or e-waste, refers to electronic products being discarded by consumers. E-
waste includes computers, entertainment electronics, mobile phones and other items
that have been discarded by their original users. E-waste is the inevitable by-product
of a technological revolution.
.

5. List of Figures
Figure
number
Description
Page
number
1 E-waste Picture 1
3 E-Waste Growing Challenge 6
4 Composition of E-Waste 7
6 Process of Zen Robotics E-Waste 11

6. INDEX
Page No.
1. Introduction 1
1.1 A Short History 2
1.2 What Is E-waste? 3
1.3 Causes of E-Waste Management 3
2. A-Global Challenge 4-5
3. Composition of E-Waste 5
4.Working Principle of E-Waste Management 6
4.1 Inventory Management 7
4.2 Production Process Modification 7
4.3Volume Reduction 8
4.4 Recovery and Reuse 9
5.E-Waste Management using AI 10-11
5.1 Advantages 11
5.2 Disadvantages 11
5.3 Measures Taken by The Government 12
5.4 Measures Taken by The Citizen 13
5.5 Conclusion 13
6. Future of Scope 14

7. 1. INTRODUCTION
Industrial revolution followed by the advances in information technology during the last
century has radically changed people's lifestyle. Although this development has helped the
human race, mismanagement has led to new problems of contamination and pollution. The
technical prowess acquired during the last century has posed a new challenge in the
management of wastes. For example, personal computers (PCs) contain certain components,
which are highly toxic, such as chlorinated and brominated substances, toxic gases, toxic
metals, biologically active materials, acids, plastics and plastic additives. The hazardous
content of these materials poses an environmental and health threat. Thus proper management
is necessary while disposing or recycling ewastes. These days computer has become most
common and widely used gadget in all kinds of activities ranging from schools, residences,
offices to manufacturing industries. E-toxic components in computers could be summarized
as circuit boards containing heavy metals like lead & cadmium; batteries containing
cadmium; cathode ray tubes with lead oxide & barium; brominated flameretardants used on
printed circuit boards, cables and plastic casing; poly vinyl chloride (PVC) coated copper
cables and plastic computer casings that release highly toxic dioxins & furans when burnt to
recover valuable metals; mercury switches; mercury in flat screens; poly chlorinated
biphenyl's (PCB's) present in older capacitors; transformers; etc. Basel Action Network
(BAN) estimates that the 500 million computers in the world contain 2.87 billion kgs of
plastics, 716.7 million kgs of lead and 286,700 kgs of mercury. The average 14-inch monitor
uses a tube that contains an estimated 2.5 to 4 kgs of lead. The lead can seep into the ground
water from landfills thereby contaminating it. If the tube is crushed and burned, it emits toxic
fumes into the air
Fig1 E Waste picture

8. 1.1 A Short History
Have you ever stopped to think about how much electronic waste you produce each year? It’s
mind-blowing and you are just one person. Think about how much electronic waste the world
as a whole produces.The need for properly disposing of electronic waste becomes greater and
even more important by the day.
Electronic waste has been around for a very long time; however, the need for the proper
disposal of that electronic waste began in the mid-70s. Soon thereafter the United States
passed the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). This law made it illegal to
dump electronic waste in the United States.
This is when the recycling industry was formed and the proper disposal of and recycling of
electronic waste and old worn-out electronic equipment of all kinds began.
Old electronics, aka e-waste, consists of electronic equipment scrap components like CPUs,
etc. This e-waste contains potentially harmful materials like lead, cadmium, beryllium,
brominated flame retardants, and many more toxic elements that poison and destroy our
environment and the world we have to live in. Properly disposing of and recycling all this e-
waste is the only way to help prevent the destruction of our planet, but it will only work if
everyone does their part in wanting to make a difference and do whatever it takes to save it.
In order for the EPA to achieve these goals, they had to set up three specific, but
interconnected programs, which were the solid waste program, the hazardous waste program,
and the underground storage tank program. All of which had/have their own requirements for
helping to preserve our planet and all life contained therein.
Shortly after the RCRA was passed, there were a series of events that took place paving the
way for international dumping laws. The first of these events started in the 1980s, when a
Liberian ship was commissioned to pick up and dispose of 14,000 tons of e-waste ash from
Philadelphia. This ash was supposed to go to New Jersey; however, that jurisdiction refused
it. So rather than finding another way to properly dispose of the e-waste, that Liberian ship
headed out to sea and proceeded to randomly dump the entire 14,000 tons of e-waste into the
ocean all the way from the Caribbean to Asia. Later, there was another incident that took
place in Nigeria. About 3,500 tons of toxic waste from Italy was illegally dumped in a small
town called Koko in 1988.
These illegal dumps were just a few of the events that led to the Basel Convention in 1989
when the world began demanding that international dumping laws be put into place to help
ensure these types of events never happen again.
The Basel Convention was/is an international treaty designed to reduce the way hazardous
waste is moved between nations. The Basel Convention was put up for a vote on March 22,
1989, and passed into law on May 5, 1992. As of October 2018, 186 states and the European
Union all belong to the Convention. Additionally, Haiti and the United States have signed the
Convention but it has not yet been ratified. And all of these historical events resulted in
recycling going from small potatoes to a huge international industry with a vested interest in
protecting the world’s citizens and our planet.
.

9. 1.2 What is E-waste?
"E-waste" is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of their "useful
life. "E-wastes are considered dangerous, as certain components of some electronic products
contain materials that are hazardous, depending on their condition and density. The hazardous
content of these materials poses a threat to human health and environment. Discarded
computers, televisions, VCRs, stereos, copiers, fax machines, electric lamps, cell phones,
audio equipment and batteries if improperly disposed can leach lead and other substances into
soil and groundwater. Many of these products can be reused, refurbished, or recycled in an
environmentally sound manner so that they are less harmful to the ecosystem. This paper
highlights the hazards of e-wastes, the need for its appropriate management and options that
can be implemented
1.3 CAUSES OF E-WASTEMANAGEMENT
E-waste is the most rapidly growing waste problem in the world.
It is a crisis of not quantity alone but also a crisis born from toxics ingredients, posing a
threat to the occupational health as well as the environment.
Rapid technology change, changes in media (tapes, software, MP3), falling prices, low
initial cost, high obsolescence rate have resulted in a fast growing problem around the
globe.
As technology develops, the amount of E-waste has also increased. What are some causes and
possible effects of the increasing amount of E-Waste? The electronic trade is more vibrant
than ever before because of the race to generate more technologies of many companies around
the world.
This development, however, leads to the old electronic product replacing, which cause the
amount of E-waste to skyrocket. As a result, the Earth is in danger since the environment has
been ruined, and therefore, putting people’s health in warning. This essay will describe the
major causes and negative effects of increasing E-waste. The main cause of this issue is that
the affordability of personal electronic has increased markedly. In the meantime, mobile
phones and computers are causing the biggest problem because they are replaced most often.
The companies’ competitive prices have exploded the large consumption of electronic
equipment. In fact, 674 million mobile phones were sold worldwide in 2004(Greenpeace).
Furthermore, this problem also results from the greater technological advances. In other
words, the model of electronic product has quickly superseded than that before.
According to Greenpeace the average lifespan of computers in developed countries has
dropped from six years in 1997 to just two years in 2005. Apparently, the amount of E-waste
is discarded globally each year as a consequence of upgrading or pursuing new model of
customers and the strategy which is called “design to dump” of the manufactures to reach the
huge level of sales in order to soar their profits.

10. 2.A-GLOBAL CHALLENGE
An estimated 50 million tons of E-waste are produced each year.The USA discards 30
million computers each year and 100 million phones are disposed of in Europe each year.
The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that only 15-20% of e-waste is recycled,
the rest of these electronics go directly into landfills and incinerators
The amount of e-waste being produced - including mobile phones and computers - could
rise by as much as 500 percent over the next decade in some countries, such as India.
The United States is the world leader in producing electronic waste, tossing away about 3
million tons each year. China already produces about 2.3 million tons (2010 estimate)
domestically, second only to the United States. And, despite having banned e-waste imports,
China remains a major e-waste dumping ground for developed countries.
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment management (E-waste or WEEE) is a crucial
issue in the solid waste management sector with global interconnections between well-
developed, transitional and developing countries. Consumption society and addiction to
technology dictate the daily life in high and middle-income countries where population
consumes large amounts of EEE products (electrical and electronic equipment) which
sooner become e-waste. This fraction is a fast-growing waste stream which needs special
treatment and management due to the toxic potential of public health and environment. On
the other hand, the e-waste contains valuable materials which may be recovered (precious
metals, Cu) reused and recycled (metals, plastics) by various industries mitigating the
consumption of natural resources. The new challenge of e-waste management system is to
shift the paradigm from a toxic pollution source to a viable resource in the context of
sustainable development. Waste hierarchy concept focuses on waste prevention and 3R
policy (reduce, reuse, recycle) and give less attention to landfills.
The “end of waste“criterian under Waste Framework Directive (Directive 2008/98/EC on
waste) specify when certain waste ceases to be a waste and it obtains a status of a product
(or a secondary raw material). EU policy promotes the circular economy where wastes are
regarded as resources and set up the directions toward a recycling society. E-waste is a
special waste stream with proper legislation.
Developed countries tend not to recycle e-waste due to the lack of facilities, high labor
costs, and tough environmental regulations and this waste stream is disposed in landfills or
exported to developing countries [1]. The Basel Convention on the Control of
Transboundary Move‐ ments of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal prohibits the export
of toxic and hazardous waste to poor countries and the national waste regulations of
developed countries restrict the landfill of waste in order to promote the recycling and
recovery options.
Take-back systems, special collection points for e-waste stream, ad-hoc e-waste collection
campaigns, recycling centers, industrial technology may divert the e-waste disposal from
landfills in developed and transitional countries and the e-waste collection performed by
informal sector in case of developing countries.

11. The EU promotes the Extended producer responsibility (EPR) which moves the
responsibility of local authorities to EEE producers and importers regarding e-waste
management and the achieving targets on collection,recycling, and recovery.
The implementation of this policy has different results across the Europe [2]. However,
large quantities of e-waste are legally or illegally exported from high-income countries to
emerging economies and low-income countries, creating serious health and environmental
threats in the latter case.
Major concerns are that many shipments of e-waste are disguised as second hand goods or
safe disposal of waste imported in developing countries is either dumped or unsafely
recycled in reality [6]. Other key issues are to know the share of e-waste source
(domestically vs imported) across formal and informal recycling sites, data about regional
and local e-waste collection schemes, the role of the informal sector in this matter.
Fig 3 E-Waste growingchallenge

12. 3 COMPOSITION OF E-WASTE
Composition of E-Waste includes materials like: Valuable metals like gold, platinum, silver
and palladium. The Useful metals like copper, aluminium, iron etc.
Toxic substances like PCB’s and Dioxins, Plastic like High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS),
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Polycarbonate (PC), Polyphenylene oxide (PPO) etc.
Glass material like Cathode Ray Tube glass made up of SiO2, CaO, Na. For instance, a
mobile phone contains more than 40 elements, base metals such as Copper (Cu) and Tin (Sn),
special metals such as Lithium (Li), Cobalt (Co), Indium (In) and Antimony (Sb) and
precious metals such as Silver (Ag), Gold (Au), and Palladium (Pd).
Fig 4 Composition of E-Waste
Consumer
Electronics
14%
IT
Communic
ation
Technology
34%
Large
Household
Appliances
42%
Others
10%
SALES

13. 4.WORKING PRINCIPLE OF E-WASTE MANAGEMENT
These principles are intended to provide guidance to all stakeholders in developing
countries developing solutions for e-waste management. As the input of the project is
mainly based on e-waste systems in developing countries, the recommendations will best
apply to developing countries, while most will hold true for developed countries as well
In industries management of e-waste should begin at the point of generation. This can be
done by waste minimization techniques and by sustainable product design. Waste
minimization in industries involves adopting:
• inventory management
• production-process modification
• volume reduction
• recovery and reuse
4.1 INVENTORY MANAGEMENT
Proper control over the materials used in the manufacturing process is an important way to
reduce waste generation.
By reducing both the quantity of hazardous materials used in the process and the amount of
excess raw materials in stock, the quantity of waste generated can be reduced.
This can be done in two ways i.e. establishing material-purchase review and control
procedures and inventory tracking system. Ensure that only the needed quantity of a material
is ordered.
4.2 PRODUCTION-PROCESS MODIFICATION
Changes can be made in the production process, which will reduce waste generation.
Improvements in the operation and maintenance of process equipment can result
insignificant waste reduction.
Hazardous materials used in either a product formulation or a production process may be
replaced with a less hazardous or non-hazardous material.
Installing more efficient process equipment or modifying existing equipment to take
advantage of better production techniques can significantly reduce waste generation.

14. 4.3 VOLUME REDUCTION
Volume reduction includes those techniques that remove the hazardous portion of a waste
from a non-hazardous portion.
These techniques are usually to reduce the volume, and thus the cost of disposing of a waste
material.
For example, an electronic component manufacturer can use compaction equipment to
reduce volume of waste cathode ray-tube.
4.4 RECOVERY AND REUSE
This technique could eliminate waste disposal costs, reduce raw material costs and provide
income from a salable waste.
Waste can be recovered on-site, or at an off-site recovery facility, or through inter industry
exchange.
For example, a printed-circuit board manufacturer can use electrolytic recovery to reclaim
metals from copper and tin-lead plating bath.

15. 5.E-WASTE MANAGEMENT USINH AI
AI is the new saviour of e-waste management and recycling. AI, machine learning, image
processing and robotics have a bright future in the waste management sector.
Two ways to sort waste materials before recycling are either dropping the waste into
separate trash bins or letting the trash bins sort themselves through an automatic system.
If everything is dumped into one trash bin, sorting for recycling can be a tiresome task. To
tackle this manually, different countries have different color-coded dustbins for dumping
different waste materials. But manual separation of waste materials or throwing into
separate trash bin is somewhat confusing as human beings can make mistakes.
People can get confused as to where to dump the waste, because they are not sure of the
actual material of the packaging and devices. This is where AI comes in.
Employing AI in garbage sorting and disposal processes is a better method for smart
recycling and waste management. There-fore AI and various sensors including RFID tags
are used. Many intelligent dustbins have been developed that are equipped with AI
programs and Internet of Things (IoT) sensors in the waste management sector.
In South Korean, RFID tags and sensors are used to collect garbage. A pneumatic garbage
disposal system then reads these tags. The main computer, which stores all data, determines
an appropriate method to dispose of the waste.
Chinese company Baidu and the United Nations Development Program are working to
streamline the recycling of e-waste in China with a new app that can help users sell their old
electronics for cash.
Another recent advent in the field is the pilot collaboration of Carton Council with AMP
Robotics and Alpine Waste & Recycling to bring in a robot ‘Clarke’ into waste recycling.
Still under making, it has significantly improved its recycling skills during its
experimentation trials and can recycle 60 cartons per minute with a perfect accuracy. With
its super human speeds, it intends to divert material for re-processing which otherwise
would have piled up in a landfill.
Rubicon Global has a cloud-based, full-service waste management and recycling solution.
AI and machine learning are incorporated into the solution to enhance human insight and
improve waste diversion.
The company has also developed an app that uses computer vision to generate a quick
assessment of the waste stream, and a device is mounted on garbage trucks to visually
analyze roadside dustbins.
As per a report from mirror.co.uk, Bin.E is the world’s first intelligent bin that sorts waste
materials.

16. It uses a combination of sensors, image recognition and AI, and can recognise objects like
glass, plastic or paper, and compress these before placing them in containers.
Developed by CleanRobotics, TrashBot robot is the first ever smart trash robot that uses AI
to sort recyclables from landfill waste.
Finnish company ZenRobotics has come up with the world’s first robotic waste sorting
system. It employs AI for smart recycling of waste materials. Using computer vision,
machine learning and AI, the robot can sort and pick recycled materials from moving
conveyor belts.
.
Fig6 Processof Zen RoboticsE-Waste

17. 5.1 Advantages
• Preserves natural resources
• Reduces greenhouse gas emission
• Reduces pollution
• Prevents wastage of non-renewable resources
• Creates jobs for recyclers/refurbishes
5.2 DISADVANTAGES
• E-waste contains a lot of harmful chemicals such as lead in CRTs of computers and
mercury in flat panel display screens. This can be absorbed by humans through
contaminated drinking water.
• E-waste can affect the environment as well as humans.
• The process of recycling means burning wires to recover metals, melting circuits and
also acid stripping. Just this causes so many problems to the environment.
• Long-term affects on our planet are still unknown.
5.3 MEASURES TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT
Recycling raw materials from end-of-life electronics is the most effective solution to the
growing e-waste problem.
E-wastes should never be disposed with garbage and other household wastes. This should be
segregated at the site and sold or donated to various organizations.
Reuse, in addition to being an environmentally preferable alternative, also benefits society.
By donating used electronics, schools, non-profit organizations, and lower-income families
can afford to use equipment that they otherwise could not afford.
Gather any unwanted chargers, accessories or batteries to recycle –find national recycling
center of the company where you can take the equipment for recycling.

18. 5.4 MEASURES TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT
Recycling raw materials from end-of-life electronics is the most effective solution to the
growing e-waste problem. E-wastes should never be disposed with garbage and other
household wastes. This should be segregated at the site and sold or donated to various
organizations.
Reuse, in addition to being an environmentally preferable alternative, also benefits society.
By donating used electronics, schools, non-profit organizations, and lower-income families
can afford to use equipment that they otherwise could not afford.Gather aunwantedcharger.
5.5 CONCLUSION
Buy second hand electronic devices, try to fix it before throwing it away, try to sell so that
someone doesn’t buy a new one
Implement Stricter laws and regulations to help facilitate a movement towards recycling and
reusing
Educate the population better so that they fully understand the potential consequences to
improper disposal. Donate to governemnt supported programs

19. 6.FUTURE SCOPE
The future of waste management on an overcrowded planet Even the best waste management
system in the world has shown that it cannot withstand the test of a global financial
downturn; and with the global population, GDP per capita – and therefore the amount of
waste – increasing globally we must become aware of the consequences and do something
about it Care must be taken to avoid advanced waste management becoming the privilege of
the few.
The purpose of this article is to outline the major trends and challenges that will shape the
future of waste management for the next few decades. Although in our complex and
unpredictable world ‘prediction is very difficult, especially about the future’ (Niels Bohr),
there are certain trends and facts that more or less create the ‘bigger picture’ in which the
waste management industry will evolve. Interestingly, discussion of these trends has not up
till now directly linked them with waste management – at least not according to the author’s
knowledge.
Recognition of the difficulty of disposing of electronic waste compared to other kinds of
waste.
A major shortage of landfill sites, and concerns about the contamination of soil,
groundwater, and other resources.
Growing awareness of the benefits of recovering and utilizing the valuable resources
contained in electronic waste.
The willingness to develop recycling companies as a “venous industry,” a Japanese term for
businesses that turn solid industrial waste back into raw materials that can then be used
anew.

20. References
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University in the Area of Aeronautics and Astronautics Described,” E-waste
Disposal Week,June 12, 2013, p. 320.
[2] “Cathode Ray Tubes and Electronics Disposal Program: New E-Waste and
Dumpimg Study Results Reported from Amirkabir University of Technology,”
E-waste , Week,July 11, 2014a, p. 76.
[3] Urzay, Javier (2018). " A Multimedia Look at E-Waste". Annual Review of
Fluid Mechanics. 50 (1): 593– 627. Bibcode:2018AnRFM..50..593U.
doi:10.1146/annurev-fluid-122316-045217.
[4] "Frederick S. Billig,Ph.D."The Clark School Innovation HallofFame. University
of Maryland. Archived from the original on 2010-06-09. Retrieved 2010-04-
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[5] ^ "Illegal E-waste Exposed". UQ News. University of Queensland. 200207-27.
Archived from the original on 2016-02-11. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
[6] Roudakov, Alexander S.; Schickhmann, Y.; Semenov, Vyacheslav L.; Novelli,
Ph.; Fourt, O. (1993). " Environmental Protection Agency- Recent Russian
Advances". 44th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation. 10.
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[7] ^ Roudakov, Alexander S.; Semenov, Vyacheslav L.; Kopchenov, Valeriy I.;
Hicks, John W. (1996). “Greenpeace Exposes Illegal Dumping of E-waste in
Nigeria” (PDF). 7th International Spaceplanes and