4. ATTITUDE
⢠POSITION
⢠Eye open
⢠Upper lid â 1/6th cornea
⢠Lower lid â touches limbus
⢠PALPEBRAL APERTURE
⢠10-11 mm vertical
⢠28-30 mm horizontal
5. LID MARGIN
⢠2 mm
⢠Medial lacrimal part
⢠Lateral ciliary part
6. LAYERS OF EYELID
⢠Skin
⢠Subcutaneous areolar tissue
⢠Layer of striated muscle (orbicularis oculi)
⢠Loose areolar tissue
⢠Layer of non striated muscle
⢠The fibrous layerâincluding tarsal plate
⢠Conjunctiva
Anterior Lamella
Posterior Lamella
7.
8. SKIN
⢠Thinnest
⢠Superior sulci
- aponeurosis of LPS inserted into the skin.
⢠Inferior sulci
- skin being tethered to the underlying periosteum.
9. EYE LASHES
⢠100 - upper lid
⢠50 - lower lid
⢠Originate from anterior lamella
in two or three irregular rows.
⢠Protects eye from dust, foreign
bodies and perspiration
10. THE ORIBICULARIS OCULI
Orbital - Originated from the medial
canthus and the bone of medial orbit
and inserted at the lateral canthus and
lateral orbital rim.
Forced lid closure
Preseptal-In front of the orbital septum
- pull lacrimal fascia laterally and
create a relative vacuum in lacrimal sac
Pretarsal - in front of the tarsal plate -
Close lid and pull lacrimal puncta
medially
11. LOOSE AREOLAR TISSUE
⢠Loose connective tissue containing no fat.
⢠Absent at medial and lateral angles,
ciliary margin and sulci.
12. MULLERâS MUSCLE
⢠Smooth muscle (sympathetic)
⢠Posterior surface of the
levator muscle & inserts
at superior tarsal border
13. THE FIBROUS LAYER-ORBITAL SEPTUM
⢠Attached to the orbital margin.
⢠Posterior to the medial palpebral
ligament and lateral palpebral
ligament.
⢠Fascial membrane which
separates the eyelid structures
from the deep orbital structures
⢠Barrier that helps prevent the
spread of hemorrhages,
infection, inflammation.
14. TARSAL PLATE
⢠Thin elongated plates of connective tissue
⢠Contribute to form and support the eyelids
⢠Closely related to the LPS, medial, lateral canthal structures
⢠Superior tarsus 8-10mm tapering to the sides.
⢠Inferior tarsus 4 mm
⢠Attached by the medial and lateral canthal ligament.
15. THE LIGAMENTS
⢠The medial palpebral
ligament
⢠Attaches medial end of tarsi
to lacrimal crest and frontal
process of maxilla.
⢠The lateral palpebral
ligament
⢠Attaches lateral end of tarsi
to marginal tubercle of
zygomatic bone.
16. LEVATOR PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIS
⢠Origin - lesser wing of sphenoid
bone anterior to the optic foramen
becomes aponeurotic 5-7mm
above the superior border of the
tarsus and 10-14mm below
the Whitnallâs ligament
⢠Insertion - aponeurosis on the
anterior surface of superior tarsal
plate, skin, lateral palpebral
ligament, medial palpebral ligament
17. LEVATOR PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIS
⢠The muscular portion of the
levator is approximately 40 mm
long
⢠The aponeurosis is 14â20 mm
in length.
⢠The superior transverse
ligament (Whitnall ligament) is
a sleeve of elastic fibers around
the levator muscle located in the
area of transition from levator
muscle to levator aponeurosis
18. CONJUNCTIVA
⢠Palpebral part
⢠Thin mucous membrane lined by non keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium.
⢠Margin of eyelids - continuous with the skin.
24. LACRIMAL GLAND
⢠Yellowish soft lobulated serous gland.
⢠Consists of
Large Orbital Part
Smaller Palpebral Part
25. PARS ORBITALIS
⢠Shape and size of an almond.
⢠Lodged in the lacrimal fossa in the anterolateral part of the roof of the
orbit
⢠Posterior to the orbital septum
26. PARS PALPEBRALIS
⢠â size of the orbital part.
⢠Lodged in the lateral part of upper eyelid.
⢠Continuous with the orbital part around the lateral margin of the
aponeurosis of the levator palpebrae superioris.
27.
28. DUCT SYSTEM
⢠12 short, slender ducts.
⢠from the lower surface of the gland.
⢠Open into the lateral part of the superior
fornix of the conjuctiva.
29. LACRIMAL CANALICULI
⢠Two slender ducts 10 mm in
length.
⢠Lacrimal Punctum on the
Lacrimal Papilla.
⢠Drain the lacrimal fluid into the
Lacrimal Sac.
30. LACRIMAL SAC
⢠Small sac lodged in the lacrimal
groove.
⢠12 mm in length - blind upper and lower
ends.
⢠Continuous with the Nasolacrimal duct.
⢠Bounded by medial palpebral ligament
anteriorly and lacrimal part of orbicularis
oculi posteriorly.
31. NASOLACRIMAL DUCT
⢠12 mm long runs
⢠through the nasolacrimal canal.
⢠Runs downwards, backwards and
laterally to open into the inferior
meatus of the nose.
⢠Guarded by lacrimal fold - valve
preventing nasal secretion from
ascending up into the duct.
34. BASIC GUIDELINES
FOR EYELID RECONSTRUCTION
⢠Both the visible and invisible tissue shortage must be evaluated
⢠When the eye is still present, reconstruction of an eyelid or even a part
of it requires a minimum of three elements
⢠an outer layer of skin
⢠an inner layer of mucosa
⢠a semi-rigid skeleton interposed between them
35. ⢠One layer should carry its own blood supply and the other can be a
free graft.
⢠The reconstructed eyelid must conform to the curvature of the globe.
⢠Anchorage both medially and laterally should be to the bony orbit.
36. ⢠The horizontal size of the defect which needs reconstruction must be
determined by bringing the medial and lateral edges closer under some
tension to determine the reduced defect size
⢠Lacrimal drainage reconstruction can be done simultaneously or
secondarily.
⢠For upper eyelid, borrow from forehead / lower eyelid
⢠For lower eyelid borrow from cheek / forehead
39. METHODS OF RECONSTRUCTION FOR
UPPER EYELID DEFECTS
Small defects
⢠Direct closure
⢠Direct closure with lateral cantholysis
⢠Direct closure with a semicircular flap (Tenzelâs)
Moderate size defect
⢠Mustardeâs lid switch flap
⢠CutlerâBeard reconstruction
Large size defect
⢠CutlerâBeard method
⢠Mustardeâs lid switch flap
41. METHODS OF RECONSTRUCTION FOR
LOWER EYELID DEFECTS
⢠Small defects up to 30%
⢠Direct closure
⢠Direct closure with lateral cantholysis
⢠Direct closure with Tenzelâs semicircular flap
42. METHODS OF RECONSTRUCTION FOR
LOWER EYELID DEFECTS
⢠Moderate sized defects up to 50% of the lid length
⢠Posterior lamella
⢠Hughesâ (modified) tarsoconjunctival
⢠Anterior lamella
⢠Advancement of cheek skin
⢠Full thickness skin graft
⢠Tripier flap unipedicle