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Pre columbian people
- 1. Central and South America
- 3. Mayans • Pictographs • Most accurate calendar • Polytheistic • Math=concept of zero • Warriors • Spaniard arrival=decline • Not politically centralized • Astronomers-built observatories
- 4. Aztecs • Warriors • Central government • Centrally planned cities (Tenochtitlan) • Solar calendar • Advanced agriculture • Advanced mathematical concepts • Polytheistic (Queztalcoatl)
- 5. Cortés’1524 Map of Tenochtitlan
- 7. Trees to bolster chinampa Water canals Layers of dirt to create farm land
- 8. Incas • Central govt=same language, same buildings • Road system • No written language=quipu • Stone structures w/out mortar that survived earthquakes • Pizarro killed ruler and ruled until murdered by his own men.
- 13. Important FYI • Accept leadership from only a few; chief rules by respect and consent of the people • Idea of community did not extend to outsiders who threatened their natural resources • Trade not just economic transaction but a form of gift giving, represented friendship and alliance, mutual obligation and trust. • Identify closely to where they lived in terms of history…emphasized place not time.
- 14. Warfare Essential b/c served to revitalize the community by replacing dead or missing w/captives who could be adopted or tortured to ease the grief of the victims. -warfare did not involve genocide -women, children and elderly spared
- 15. • How would indigenous people’s ideas about leadership create conflict with European conquistadors? • What was the purpose of warfare in indigenous cultures? • What was the purpose of warfare for European conquistadors?
- 16. • Crusades • China=printing press, gunpowder • Venice and Genoa=principal trading centers • Ottoman Empire hindered trade routes to the east. • Reformation=Catholic vs. Protestant The Set Up…Motives
- 17. • Problems facing Europeans – Population increasing – Food shortages The Set Up…Needs
- 18. The Rebirth of Europe Economy Culture Politics Nations competed for Asian trade. Ancient Greek, Roman, and Muslim art and learning were rediscovered. Reformation: revolt against the Roman Catholic Church Improved seafaring technology aided exploration and trade. Philosophy of humanism: use of reason and experimentation in learning Government by nobles and the Church declined. Spain and Portugal competed to explore trade routes. Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci Shakespeare The rise of nations Why 1492?
- 19. Why 1492? • Portugal and Spain were able to initiate exploration b/c – Centralized government – Access to large pools of capital (ie:$$$$) – New commercial practices – Renaissance – Expansionist values • Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) – Papal Line of Demarcation
- 21. From New World • Iguana, flying squirrel, catfish, rattlesnake, armadillos, opossums, sloths, anacondas, toucans, parrots, turkeys, guinea pigs, • Potatoes (sweet and white), maize, beans (snap, kidney, lima, etc.), peanuts, squash, peppers, tomatoes, pumpkins, pineapples, papayas, avocados, cacao, chicle – These plants could grow almost anywhere and helped fuel population explosion – Today, these crops make up 1/3 of world’s food crops • syphillis From Old World • Rice, wheat, barley, oats, wine grapes, melons, coffee, olives, bananas, daisies, dandelions • Horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens (?) • Typhus, smallpox, flu, measles Effects of Columbus’ Voyage
- 22. Building the Spanish Empire Motives • “God, gold, and glory” Spanish Explorers • Juan Ponce de León: Florida, 1513. • Vasco Núñez de Balboa: Isthmus of Panama in 1513. • Hernán Cortés, Aztec empire, present-day Mexico, by 1521. • Francisco Pizarro, Incan empire, present-day Peru,1532 .
- 23. Building the Spanish Empire • Used religion as a form of colonial control. • Encomiendas • Both societies (Spanish and Native American) blended, coexisted and interacted • Exploration continued into present-day Texas and up past the Mississippi River. • Spanish New Mexico grew very slowly
- 24. Challenges to the Spanish • Never found gold and silver • Climate, limited food supply • Never developed market economy in New World. • Emphasis on conversion and control • Did not trade like the French and English
- 25. The French in North America • 1523 to 1524: Giovanni da Verrazzano • 1543–1542:Jacques Cartier • 1608: Samuel de Champlain • 1673-Robert Cavalier LaSalle • Why explore? • New France
- 26. English Colonization Over time, England was the most successful at colonizing North America. • English explorers searched for the Northwest Passage • Sea Captains • Two early English colonies: 1. Roanoke 2. Jamestown • Indentured servants are people who worked under contract for a set period of time in exchange for passage to the new colony. • 1620 – Separatists – Mayflower Compact
Hinweis der Redaktion
- In his letters to the Hapsburg Emperor Charles V, King of Spain, Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés trumpeted his exploits, and described the people and wonders of the new land he had conquered. This map, published with Cortés’s letters, provided Europeans with the first image of the Aztec capital city, Tenochtitlan. Although in ruins at the time of the map’s publication, the island city, with the Aztec sacred ceremonial district at its heart, appears serene and orderly under the double eagle and crown of the Hapsburg imperial flag. The smaller map to the left represents the Gulf of Mexico.
- Artist rendering of Tenochtitlan
- “Floating islands”
- Crusades led to contact with Muslim technology, science, libraries Preserved works of Ptolemy (est. earth’s size) Silk, precious gems, spices Geographic expansion (top dogs????) China=printing press, gunpowder Adventures now published Venice and Genoa=lots of $$ and practice with new economy by supplying Crusade armies THEREFORE became principal trading centers Ottoman Empire hindered trade routes to the east. Reformation=Catholic vs. Protestant
- Problems facing Europeans Population increasing after effects of Black Plague is gone and feudalism is waning Constantly suffered food shortages for livestock in winter SO early autumn=slaughter Need spices (cinnamon, cloves, pepper) as preservatives
- Used religion as a form of colonial control. Missionaries converted the N Am if successful then mission would become secular settlement. Encomiendas: Landowners controlled Indian villages (ie: care for village (villagers) and support priests. In return they required tribute in the form of goods and labor Both societies (Spanish and Native American) blended, coexisted and interacted Exploration continued into present-day Texas and up past the Mississippi River. Spanish New Mexico grew very slowly
- 1523 to 1524: Giovanni da Verrazzano: search for the Northwest Passage. Jacques Cartier made three voyages (1543–1542) to the region of present-day Canada. The French claimed the territory and named it New France. 1608: Samuel de Champlain founded the first successful French colony in North America: Quebec 1673-Robert Cavalier LaSalle established New Orleans Now France has control of Canada and major inland waterway. The French explored the continent in search of trading opportunities. Native Americans trapped fur-producing animals and traded them to the French. North American furs sold well in Europe in the 1600s. By the late 1600s, the territory of New France was a long narrow colony that followed waterways necessary for transporting furs and other goods.
- Over time, England was the most successful at colonizing North America. English explorers, including John Cabot, searched for the Northwest Passage, a trade route that would go past or through the continent. England hired sea captains to attack Spanish ships and raid Spanish port cities in the Americas. As a result, Spain suffered financial trouble. Two early English colonies: 1. Roanoke: Two attempts by the English to establish this island colony near present-day North Carolina failed. 2. Jamestown: Investors obtained a charter, or certificate of permission, from England to form the Virginia Company, which sent colonists to Virginia in 1607. Starvation, disease, and a lack of leadership plagued the colony, and it nearly failed. Tobacco, which was quickly becoming popular in Europe, soon formed the basis of the colony’s economy. Indentured servants are people who worked under contract for a set period of time in exchange for passage to the new colony.
- What are the positive and negative effects of colonization of Americas? Think about 1. effects for European countries ( +=new commercial practices, new products, columbian exchange; negative=race for empire leads to conflict among countries, increase of gold buillon leads to inflation. 2. Effects for native populations (+=new technology, negative=disease, mercantilist system)