2. MEANING
Search for knowledge
“a careful investigation or inquiry specially
through search for new facts in any branch
of knowledge.”
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia
3. OBJECTIVE
purpose : discover answers to questions through the
application of scientific procedures.
aim : to find out the truth which is hidden and which has
not been discovered as yet.
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia
4. Though each research study has its own specific purpose,
we may think of research objectives as falling into a number
of following broad groupings:
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new
insights into it (exploratory or formulative research studies);
2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular
individual, situation or a group(descriptive research studies);
3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or
with which it is associated with something else (diagnostic
research studies);
4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between
variables (hypothesis-testing research studies).
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia
5. MOTIVATION
1. Desire to get a research degree along with its
consequential benefits;
2. Desire to face the challenge in solving the
unsolved problems, i.e., concern over practical
problems initiates research;
3. Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some
creative work;
4. Desire to be of service to society;
5. Desire to get respectability.
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia
6. TYPES OF RESEARCH
Descriptive vs. Analytical
Descriptive research (ex post facto research):
includes surveys and fact finding enquiries of different
kinds
No control over variables
e.g. frequency of shopping , preference of people
Method : survey (comparative and correlations)
Analytical research : researcher has to use facts or
information already available and analyze these to
make critical evaluation of material
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia
7. Applied vs. Fundamental
Applied research : aims at finding a solution for an
immediate problem facing a society or an
industrial/business organization
E.g research to identify social , economic or political
trends that may affect particular institutions , marketing
research , evaluation research
Fundamental research : concerned with generalization
and with the formulations of theory (gathering knowledge
for knowledge’s sake)
E.g. research containing natural phenomenon , studies
on human behavior
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia
8. Quantitative vs. Qualitative
Quantitative research : based on the quantitative
measurement of some characteristics
Qualitative research :phenomena involving quality or kind
E.g. attitude or opinion research
Conceptual vs. Empirical
Conceptual research : related to some abstract idea or
theory
Generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new
concepts or to reinterpret existing one
Empirical research : relies on experience or observation
alone often without due regard for system and theory
Data based research ,coming up with conclusions which are
capable of being verified by observations or experiments
Can also be called experimental
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia
9. one-time research or longitudinal research : research
confined to single time period
field-setting research / laboratory
research/simulation research: depending up on the
environment in which it is to be carried out
clinical or diagnostic research: it follows case study
method or indepth approach to reach basic casual
relations
Exploratory research : development of hypothesis
rather than testing
Historical research : which utilizes historical sources
like documents
conclusion-oriented : in which researcher is free to pick
up a problem , redesign the enquiry as he proceeds and
is prepared to conceptualize as he wishes
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia
10. RESEARCH APPROACHES
QUANTITATIVE APPROACH
• the generation of data in
quantitative form which can
be subjected to rigorous
quantitative analysis in a
formal and rigid fashion
• Further Divided into
1. Inferential,
2. Experimental
3. simulation approaches
QUALITATIVE APPROACH
• concerned with subjective
assessment of attitudes,
opinions and behavior
• Techniques used: group
interview , projective
technique , depth interview
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia
11. Quantitative research
approaches
1. Inferential approach :
to form a data base from which to infer
characteristics or relationships of population.
This usually means survey research where a
sample of population is studied (questioned or
observed) to determine its characteristics, and
it is then inferred that the population has the
same characteristics.
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia
12. 2. Experimental approach :
characterized by much greater control over the research
environment and in this case some variables are
manipulated to observe their effect on other variables.
3. Simulation approach :
involves the construction of an artificial environment
within which relevant information and data can be
generated. This permits an observation of the dynamic
behaviour of a system (or its sub-system) under
controlled conditions.
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia
13. RESERARCH METHOD VS. RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
the methods the researchers use
in performing research operations
a way to systematically solve the
research problem.
Research methods can be put in
to following three group ;
1. Method concerned with
collection of data
2. Statistical techniques which are
used for establishing
relationships between data and
unknown
3. Methods used to evaluate the
accuracy of result obtained
Not only research methods but
also logic behind the methods we
use in the context of our research
study and explain why we are
using particular method or
technique and why we are not
using others
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia
18. 3.Development of working
hypothesis
Tentative assumption made in order to draw
out and test its logical or empirical
consequences
Approach to develop
1. Discussion
2. Examination of data and record
3. Review of similar study
4. Exploratory personal investigation
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia
19. 4.Preparing research design
To facilitate research
Depending on purpose
Categories
1. exploration
2. Description
3. Diagnosis
4. eperimentation
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia
20. 5.Determining sample design
For highest accuracy
To eliminate bias
To reduce time , money and energy
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia
21. 6.Collecting the data
By observation
Through personal interview
By mailing questionnaires
Through scadules
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia
22. 7.Execution of the projects
8.Analysis of data
Coding
Tabulation
Editing
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia
25. CRITERIA OF GOOD
RESEARCH
1. purpose - clearly defined and common concepts be used.
2. procedure - described in sufficient detail to permit another researcher
to repeat the research for further advancement, keeping the continuity
of what has already been attained.
3. procedural design - carefully planned to yield results that are as
objective as possible.
4. The researcher should report with complete frankness, flaws in
procedural design and estimate their effects upon the findings.
5. analysis of data -sufficiently adequate to reveal its significance and the
methods of analysis used should be appropriate. The validity and
reliability of the data should be checked carefully.
6. Conclusions - confined to those justified by the data of the research
and limited to those for which the data provide an adequate basis.
7. Greater confidence in research is warranted if the researcher is
experienced, has a good reputation in research and is a person of
integrity.
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia
26. Quality of good research
Systematic
Logical
Empirical
replicable
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia
27. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
BY RESEARCHER IN INDIA
1. lack of a scientific training in the
methodology of research
2. insufficient interaction
3. Lack of confidence
4. Research studies overlapping one another
are undertaken quite often for want of
adequate information.
5. There does not exist a code of conduct for
researchers
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia
28. 6. difficulty of adequate and timely secretarial
assistance
7. Library management and functioning is not
satisfactory at many places
8. There is also the problem that many of our
libraries are not able to get copies of old and
new Acts/Rules, reports and other government
publications in time
9. There is also the difficulty of timely availability of
published data
10. take place the problem of conceptualization and
also problems relating to the process of data
collection and related things.
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia