This document discusses various types of biofuels including their production processes and applications. It begins by introducing biofuels and explaining that they are fuels produced from biomass sources. It then discusses different types of biofuels such as bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, and bio-oil. For each type, it provides details on the production process, feedstocks used, and applications. The document also covers advantages and disadvantages of biofuels compared to fossil fuels and highlights some of the major research needs and issues around biofuels such as potential competition with food production.

1. Bio fuels
BY: Salwa Elsayed

2. Energy
• Energy plays a vital role in our everyday lives

3. Energy
sources
Fossile fuel
Petrolum
coal
naturalgas
others
Renewable
biomass
hydro
wind
solar
marine
energy
sources.
Nuclear uranium

4. FUELS
• Fuels are required for a variety of
purposes ,but are utilized chiefly for..

5. Transportation
• Globally, transportation
accounts for 25% of
energy demand and
nearly 62% of oil
consumed.

6. Power Generation
• The generation of
electricity is the single
largest use of fuel in the
world.
• More than 60 % of
power generated comes
from fossil fuels.

7. 80 per cent of the worlds energy supply’s come from fossil fuels
Fossil fuels are convenient and relatively cheap

9. BUT, twin crises of fossil fuel:
depletion and environmental degradation
Fossil Fuels will soon
be Exhausted
The Green House Effect

10. BUT
• If we had replenish fuel sources, what
direction should we go in?
• Electric cars
• Solar power
• Wind power
OR

11. Can you imagine life without fuel?
NO!

12. BIO FUEL
we get bio fuel from bio mass

13. BIO MASS
• Biomass is the name given to all the Earth’s living
matter .
• Biomass is organic material that has stored
sunlight in the form of chemical energy
• Biomass provides a clean, renewable energy
• First, it is a renewable resource that could be
sustainably developed in the future.
• Second, it appears to have formidably positive
environmental properties,

14. BIO MASS
• Biomass now mainly represents only 14 % of
primary energy consumption

15. Bio Mass
burned
electricity heat
changed to
gas
carbon
monoxide hydrogen methane, and
converted to a
liquid fuel
Bio fuel
BIOETHANOL BIODIESEL

16. Bio fuels
An Alternate Fuel

17.  Introduction to Biofuels
 Biofuel feedstock
 Classification of Biofuels
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biofuel

18. • Biofuel is the fuel which is produced from biomass
organic products and wastes.
• The common commercially used biofuels are
bioethanol, biodiesel and biomethane.
 Bioethanol is made from sugar, algae, wheat and sugar
beet.(50% that of gasoline)
 Biodiesel is made from vegetable oil, algal lipids,
animal fats(about 90% that of petroleum diesel)
 Biomethane can be produced from waste organic
material, sewage, agriculture waste and domestic
wastes

19. Soybean Corn Sugarcane Sugar beet
Switchgrass Jatropha Camelina Algae

20. Cassava Palm oil Certain fungi
Animal fat Agricultural wastes

21. Classification of Biofuels
 Also called conventional biofuels. It includes sugar, starch, or
vegetable oil
 known as advanced biofuels and can be manufactured from
different types of biomass. The biomass contains lignocellulosic
material like wood, straw and waste plastic
 Extract from algae mostly marine algae

22. Advantages of Biofuels over Fossil Fuels
• Lower emissions Green gas
• Renewable
• Biodegradable
• Safe

23. Bioethanol
Biodiesel
Biogas
Bioethanol

24. Bio alcohol
Bio Ethanol Bio Methanol

25. Bioethanol
 One of the widely used alternative
automotive fuel in the world
 Bioethanol is produced by the
fermentation of carbohydrate rich
source which includes sugar cane,
sugar beet, corn ,etc
 Cellulosic biomass, derived from non-food
sources such as trees and grasses, is also being
developed as a feedstock for ethanol production
 It is colorless and clear liquid

26. Bioethanol
Milling ( sugarcane stem &
separation of juice and bagasse)
Fermentation (conversion of sugar
into alcohol, production of ethanol)
Distillation (separation of ethanol)
Dehydration
(azeotropic mixture)

27. Application
• transport fuel to replace gasoline
• fuel for power generation by
thermal combustion

28. Ad-Disadvantages of Bioethanol
Advantages Disadvantages
Ethanol is a renewable resource Large amounts leading to problems
such as soil erosion, deforestation.
Ethanol burns more cleanly in air than
petroleum
Typical current engines would require
modification
The use of ethanol reduce carbon
dioxide emissions
Expensive

29. The top five ethanol producers in 2010
Brazil - 16500 billion liters
The United States -16270 billion liters
China - 2000 billion liters
The European Union - 950 billion liters
India - 300 billion liters

31. BIO- OIL
• Bio-oils are liquid or gaseous fuels made from
biomass materials, Via biochemical or
thermochemical processes.
• Bio-oil has a higher energy density than biomass
• It can be obtained by quick heating of dried
biomass in a fluidized bed followed by cooling.
• it is more economical to convert bio mass into
bio-oil and then the transport the bio-oil

32. • Bio-oil can be used in vehicle engines – either
totally or partially in a blend.
BIO- OIL application

33. • Bio –oil can be used instead of bio mass in
remote area of bio mass this will make
transportation easier
BIO- OIL application
Reduce Handling Costs
Reduce Shipping Costs
Reduce Drying & Densifications Costs

34. CORN STOVER or other crops
CORN FIELDS
INDUSTRIAL PLANT
4

36.  Biodiesel feed stocks:
Palm seeds
Coconut seeds
Rapeseeds
Jatropha seeds
Sunflower seeds
Corn
Soybean seeds
Pond Algae

37. Biodiesel
• Biodiesel, an alternative diesel fuel, is made from
renew able biological sources such as vegetable oils
and animal fats
• Similar to petroleum diesel fuel in structure
• reduces carbon dioxide exhaust emissions
• Biodiesel produces 100% less SOx than petroleum.
• Biodiesel reduces exhaust smoke (particulates)
• The Biodiesel can be prepared by Transesterification.

40. After Glycerin removal, biodiesel now just needs to be
cleaned/purified before use:

41. Biodiesel-Blended Fuels
• Can be used alone / blended
• B20: 20% biodiesel
• B99: 99% biodiesel
• B100: pure biodiesel
Property of DOE, reprinted with permission

42. ** B100 (100% biodiesel) with NOx adsorbing catalyst on vehicle
Relative emissions: Diesel and Biodiesel
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Total Unburned HCs
CO
Particulate Matter
**NOx
Sulfates
PAHs
n-PAHs
Mutagenicity
CO2
Percent
B100 **
B20
Diesel

43. •Biodiesel is much easier to handle and does not cause
cracking or redness.
•Biodiesel is much less dangerous to put in vehicle fuel
tank as its flash point is ± 150°C (300°F) as opposed to
petroleum diesel ± 70°C (150°F).
• Biodiesel provides significant lubricity improvement
over petroleum diesel fuel so engines last longer, with
the right additives engine performance can also be
enhanced
Biodiesel

45. Application of Biodiesel
• Railway usage
• Aircraft use
• As a heating oil
• Cleaning oil spills
• Biodiesel in generators
• Vehicles

46. Advantages-Disadvantages of Biodiesel
Can be used pure biodiesel B100. Biodiesel is significantly more expensive
compared to standard diesel (double
the price of petroleum diesel)
Biodiesel has shorter ignition delay
compared to standard diesel
Biodiesel can release nitrogen oxide
which can lead to the formation of
smog.
Biodiesel has no sulfur content, and
so it doesn't contribute to acid rain
formation
Pure biodiesel has significant problems
with low temperatures
Biodiesel has good lubricating
properties better than standard
diesel
Food Shortage can be occurred
Job creation The cost of biodiesels varies depending
on the base stock,

47. CONCLUSION:
 Biodiesel is eco-friendly.
 Biodiesel is clean burning alternative fuel.
 Biodiesel contain no petroleum, but can be
blended with conventional diesel fuel.
 These fuel can be used in any diesel engine
without any modification.
 Biodiesel is degradable , non toxic and free from
sulphur and lead.

49. Biogas
• A mixture of CH4 , CO2 and other gases
Gas %
Methane 50–75
Carbon dioxide 25–50
Nitrogen 0–10
Hydrogen 0–1
Hydrogen sulfide 0–3
Oxygen 0–2

50. Biogas
• Biogas is Obtained from animal waste, fruit and
vegetable waste
• Anaerobic digestion in landfills occurs in a series of
stages by bacteria to produce Biogas

51. Advantages Biogas
• Reduce air and water pollution (clean)
• Environmentally friendly
• Reduced greenhouse gas emissions
• concerns about waste management in the
agriculture and food industry
• cheap

52. Application of Biogas
• Cooking
• Lighting
• Fuel for engine

54. Biohydrogen
• Hydrogen is not a primary fuel.
• It must be manufactured from water using energy from either fossil
or non-fossil sources.
• The use of hydrogen fuel has the potential to improve the global
climate and air quality.
• using a fuel cell, hydrogen can be utilized with high energy
efficiency
• We can produce hydrogen from biomass

56. Advantages of Biofuels
• Renewable
• Sustinability
• Easy to Source
• Fuel security
• Reduce Greenhouse Gases
• Economic Security
• Lower level of Pollution
• Job creation
• biofuels are growing rapidly

57. Advantages of Biofuels
• Biomass used as a fuel reduces need for fossil fuels for the production of heat,
steam, and electricity for residential, industrial and agricultural use.
• Biomass is always available and can be produced as a renewable resource.
• Biomass fuel from agriculture wastes maybe a secondary product that adds
value to agricultural crop.
• Growing Biomass crops produce oxygen and use up carbon dioxide.
• The use of waste materials reduce landfill disposal and makes more space for
everything else.
• Carbon Dioxide which is released when Biomass fuel is burned, is taken in by
plants.
• Less money spent on foreign oil

58. Disadvantages of Biofuel
• High Cost of Production
• Future Rise in Price
• Shortage of Food
• Use of Fertilizer
• Food price increases will be neither open-ended nor
uniform
• Land used for energy crops maybe in demand for other
purposes, such as farming, conservation, housing,
resort or agricultural use
• the risk of climate change has brought energy
conservation to the forefront of public discussion.

59. Disadvantages of Biofuel
• Agricultural wastes will not be available if the
basic crop is no longer grown.
• Additional work is needed in areas such as
harvesting methods .
• Biomass conversion projects are from animal
wastes and are relatively small and therefore
are limited.
• Industrial Pollution

60. Research is needed to reduce the costs of production of Biomass based
fuels. Its expensive and requires a lot of resources to convert the raw
materials to an energy source.

61. • Reduce wastes
• Cleaner air
• New agricultural markets
• global warming reduction
• Benefit developing nations

62. Feeling Confortable with biofuel?

63. fuel
food

64. fuel versus food
• How large will be potential demand from energy markets for
agricultural products? Will it be large enough to reverse the secular
decline in real food prices?
• Land use impacts, fertilizer requirements and water use are other
important factors to be taken into account when considering the
potential of biofuels.
• Competition “fuel versus food” is a major issue to be circumvented
not to impact on the living of poorer mankind and on the prices of
food staples.