this presentation has brief about HIV, AIDS, some rough statistics of AIDS in INDIA and mechanism of HIV infection, modes of transmission, the diagnosis and treatments of AIDS.

1. Human Immunodeficiency Virus-
Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
Presented By:-Sakshi Sharma
INCLUDES-
•Introduction to AIDS and HIV
•Difference between HIV and
AIDS
•Mechanism of HIV infection
•Modes of Transmission
•Diagnosis of AIDS
•Cures and Treatments of AIDS

2. Introduction to AIDS-
 Acquired (not born with)
 Immune (body’s defense system)
 Deficiency (not working properly)
 Syndrome (a group of signs and symptoms.
• AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is the
final stage of HIV born disease.
• Disease limits the body’s ability to fight infection due
to markedly reduced helper T cells, hence, patients
have a very weak immune system (defence
mechanism).
• Patients predisposed to multiple opportunistic
infections leading to death.

3. Introduction to HIV-
• HIV is the virus that causes AIDS.
• Also known by the names-
1. Human T cell lymphotrophic virus (HTLV-III)
2. Lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV)
3. AIDS associated retrovirus (ARV)
• Human: Can live only in humans
• Immunodeficiency: Damages the immune system of
people it infects
• Virus: ◦ Retrovirus (Nucleic material as RNA).
• Invades the helper T cells (CD4 cells) in the body of
the host (defense mechanism of a person).

4. Virology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-
•Icosahedral (20 sided), enveloped virus of the lentivirus
subfamily of retroviruses.
•Retroviruses transcribe RNA to DNA.Two viral strands of
RNA found in core surrounded by protein outer coat.
•Outer envelope contains a lipid matrix within which
specific viral glycoproteins are imbedded.
•These knob-like structures responsible for binding to target
cell.

5. Difference between HIV and AIDS-
•HIV is a virus and AIDS is a disease.
•HIV develops into AIDS.
•AIDS is deficiency in the body’s defense mechanism or
immune system.
•AIDS is acquired, not hereditary.
•Leads to conditions in humans which progressively leads to
failure of the immune system and allows life-threatening
opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.
•AIDS is not the necessary result of infection with a
pathogen. It may or may not occur in someone with HIV,
When the virus is suppressed, people may never become
immune deficient. They may never develop AIDS.

6. Statistical analysis of AIDS in India-

7. Mechanism of HIV Infection-

8. • Viral replication (8-10 years) CD4 cell death Further
impairment of immune system Increased likelihood of
opportunistic infections (OIs) AIDS.

9. Mode of Transmission-
1. Unprotected Intercourse-
• Sexual relations without a condom with either vaginal or
anal penetration are the primary modes of transmission
for the virus. It doesn’t take much; a single sexual
encounter is enough for the virus to be transmitted.
• During oral sex, if there are any lesions present in the
mouth (ulcers, irritation of the gums…), then contact
between the oral and genital mucosa can become an entry
point for HIV.
• Even sex toys should be used with a condom, and should
be changed with each use.

10. 2. BLOOD and other BODY FLUIDS-
Intravenous drug use is also a common mode of
transmission of the virus. It is imperative to use
only sterile injection material and never to share
syringes to shoot up.
• Accupuncture, tattooing, and piercing also carry a risk if
the rules of sterilization and hygiene are not respected, or
materials are used more than once.
• Through blood transfusion with HIV infected person,
any open wound as it is present in blood stream of
humans including menstrual blood.
• Needles used by HIV Infected person if used by a
healthy person can cause HIV infection in normal
person’s body.

11. 3. MOTHER/CHILD-
When a woman has HIV, pregnancy, childbirth and
breastfeeding all carry a risk of transmitting the virus to
the child. Where available, treatments have greatly
reduced these risks.
4. PERSONAL HYGIENE-
Avoid sharing any personal hygiene items that could
come in contact with blood: razors, toothbrushes…

12. Stages of HIV Infection-

13. Tests for detection of HIV-
Tests Reference Data
HIV enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Screening test for HIV Sensitivity
> 99.9%.
Western blot Screening test for HIV Simple to
perform.
HIV viral load tests Best test for diagnosis of acute
HIV infection Correlates with
disease progression and response
to HAART.
Absolute CD4 lymphocyte count Predictor of HIV progression Risk
of opportunistic infections and
AIDS when <200.

14. Other tests-
URINE WESTERN BLOT –
•As sensitive as testing blood.
•Safe way to screen for HIV.
•Can cause false positives in certain people at high risk for
HIV.
ORASURE-Also called as Oral Testing.
•The only FDA approved HIV antibody. • As accurate as
blood testing.
•Draws blood-derived fluids from the gum tissue.
•IT IS NOT A SALIVA TEST!
DNA PCR
P24 Antigen-Antibody Reaction

15. Treatment of HIV-AIDS:
(Provide infants with 4-6 weeks of once-daily
Nevirapine or twice-daily Zidovudine )

17. Working of ART-

18. PALLATIVE CARE-

19. Nanoparticles based treatment of AIDS-