GUMS & MUCILAGE: Properties, Sources and Uses

GUMS & MUCILAGEGUMS & MUCILAGE
Md. Saiful IslamMd. Saiful Islam
Dept. of Pharmaceutical SciencesDept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences
North South UniversityNorth South University
Facebook Group: Pharmacy UniverseFacebook Group: Pharmacy Universe

GUMS & MUCILAGEGUMS & MUCILAGE
Gums & mucilage haveGums & mucilage have
similar constitutionssimilar constitutions
and on hydrolysisand on hydrolysis
yield a mixture ofyield a mixture of
sugars & uronic acids.sugars & uronic acids.
Gums are considered toGums are considered to
be pathologicalbe pathological
products, Whileproducts, While
mucilage is formed bymucilage is formed by
normal metabolism.normal metabolism.

GUMSGUMS
Gums are amorphousGums are amorphous
translucenttranslucent
substances which aresubstances which are
insoluble in alcohol &insoluble in alcohol &
most organicmost organic
solvents. It is solublesolvents. It is soluble
in water & gives ain water & gives a
viscous, stickyviscous, sticky
solution.solution.
Other gums are swollenOther gums are swollen
by absorbing water toby absorbing water to
form a jelly-like mass.form a jelly-like mass.

GUMS: CONSTITUENTSGUMS: CONSTITUENTS
Gums consist of Ca, Mg & K-Gums consist of Ca, Mg & K-
salts of polyuronides.salts of polyuronides.
Gums can be hydrolysed byGums can be hydrolysed by
prolonged boiling withprolonged boiling with
dilute acids to yeild adilute acids to yeild a
mixture of sugars andmixture of sugars and
uronic acids.uronic acids.
Sugars = monosaccharidesSugars = monosaccharides
(mainly galactose,(mainly galactose,
arabinose, xylose).arabinose, xylose).

GUMS: OCCURRENCEGUMS: OCCURRENCE
Gums are commonlyGums are commonly
found in trees &found in trees &
shrubs of a number ofshrubs of a number of
Families, especiallyFamilies, especially
- LeguminosaeLeguminosae
- RosaceaeRosaceae
- SterculiaceaeSterculiaceae
- RutaceaeRutaceae

GUMS: FORMATIONGUMS: FORMATION
Gums are abnormalGums are abnormal
products, formed byproducts, formed by
- injury of the plantinjury of the plant
- unfavourableunfavourable
conditions (e.g.conditions (e.g.
drought)drought)
- By a breakdown ofBy a breakdown of
cell walls (A processcell walls (A process
of extracellularof extracellular
formation calledformation called
gummosis).gummosis).

MUCILAGEMUCILAGE
Mucilages are generallyMucilages are generally
normal products ofnormal products of
metabolism formedmetabolism formed
within the cellwithin the cell
(intracellular(intracellular
formation).formation).
Fx of MucilagesFx of Mucilages
- Storage materialStorage material
- Water storageWater storage
reservoirreservoir
- Protection forProtection for
germinating seeds.germinating seeds.

MUCILAGE: OCCURRENCEMUCILAGE: OCCURRENCE
Mucilage is often foundMucilage is often found
inin
- Epidermal leaf cellsEpidermal leaf cells
(Senna)(Senna)
- Seed coats (linseeds,Seed coats (linseeds,
psyllium)psyllium)
- Roots (marshmallow)Roots (marshmallow)
- Barks (Slippery elm)Barks (Slippery elm)

HERBSHERBS
Herbs containing gumsHerbs containing gums
- Tragacanth gumTragacanth gum
- Sterculia gumSterculia gum
- Acacia gumAcacia gum
Herbs containingHerbs containing
mucilagesmucilages
- PsylliumPsyllium

TRAGACANTHTRAGACANTH
DEFINITION: Tragacanth isDEFINITION: Tragacanth is
the “air hardened gummythe “air hardened gummy
exudate flowing naturallyexudate flowing naturally
or obtained by incision,or obtained by incision,
from the trunk & branchesfrom the trunk & branches
ofof Astragalus gummiferAstragalus gummifer
(Labillardiere) & certain(Labillardiere) & certain
other spp. ofother spp. of AstragalusAstragalus.”.”
GEOGRAPHICALGEOGRAPHICAL
SOURCES: W. Asia,SOURCES: W. Asia,
Syria, Iraq, Iran & Russia.Syria, Iraq, Iran & Russia.

TRAGACANTH FORMATIONTRAGACANTH FORMATION
Tragacanth is the gum thatTragacanth is the gum that
exudes immediately after injuryexudes immediately after injury
of the plant occurs & isof the plant occurs & is
therefore pre-formed in thetherefore pre-formed in the
plant.plant.
A section of a tragacanth stemA section of a tragacanth stem
shows that the cell walls of theshows that the cell walls of the
pith & medullary rays arepith & medullary rays are
gradually transformed into gumgradually transformed into gum
(gummosis). The gum absorbs(gummosis). The gum absorbs
water & an increase in P occurswater & an increase in P occurs
within the stem – leading to thewithin the stem – leading to the
immediate exudation.immediate exudation.

BOTANICAL SOURCES OFBOTANICAL SOURCES OF
A. gummiferA. gummifer
A. kurdicusA. kurdicus
A. echidnaeformisA. echidnaeformis
A. gossypinusA. gossypinus
A.A. microcephalusmicrocephalus
RIGHT: A.RIGHT: A.
micrcephalusmicrcephalus

COLLECTION OF TRAGACANTHCOLLECTION OF TRAGACANTH
Most plants from whichMost plants from which
tragacanth istragacanth is
collected grows at ancollected grows at an
altitude of 1000-3000altitude of 1000-3000
m. Collection methodm. Collection method
varies according tovaries according to
the location.the location.

METHODS OF COLLECTION:METHODS OF COLLECTION:
The gum can be obtained from the plants in the 1The gum can be obtained from the plants in the 1stst
year (this isyear (this is
then of poor quality & unfit for commercial use). Plants arethen of poor quality & unfit for commercial use). Plants are
normally tapped after the 2normally tapped after the 2ndnd
year. The earth is taken away fromyear. The earth is taken away from
the base to a depth of 5 cm. The exposed part is incised with athe base to a depth of 5 cm. The exposed part is incised with a
sharp knife & a wedge-shaped piece of wood is used to opensharp knife & a wedge-shaped piece of wood is used to open
the incision for the gum to exude easily. The wedge is left inthe incision for the gum to exude easily. The wedge is left in
the cut for up to 24 hrs, & the gum is collected for 2 days afterthe cut for up to 24 hrs, & the gum is collected for 2 days after
incision.incision.
Some of the plants are burned at the top after having had theSome of the plants are burned at the top after having had the
incision made – the plant is then sickened & gives off a greaterincision made – the plant is then sickened & gives off a greater
quantity of gum. This practice is however not universal, asquantity of gum. This practice is however not universal, as
many plants cannot recover and are killed by the burning.many plants cannot recover and are killed by the burning.
Gum obtained by burning is of lower quality than that obtained byGum obtained by burning is of lower quality than that obtained by
incision only, and is reddish and dirty looking.incision only, and is reddish and dirty looking.

GRADES OF TRAGACANTHGRADES OF TRAGACANTH
Tragacanth is graded intoTragacanth is graded into
several qualities. Theseveral qualities. The
best grades form thebest grades form the
official drug, while theofficial drug, while the
lower grades are used inlower grades are used in
food, textile & otherfood, textile & other
industries.industries.
Tragacanth is anTragacanth is an
expensive commodity:expensive commodity:
due to the scarcity &due to the scarcity &
extra treatments & testsextra treatments & tests
needed to meet theneeded to meet the
microbial requirements.microbial requirements.

CHARACTERS OF TRAGACANTHCHARACTERS OF TRAGACANTH
Official Persian tragacanth occurs in flattened ribbonsOfficial Persian tragacanth occurs in flattened ribbons
(of up to 25 mm long & 12 mm wide).(of up to 25 mm long & 12 mm wide).
The surface shows number of ridges that indicates theThe surface shows number of ridges that indicates the
temporary stoppages of flow from the inclusion.temporary stoppages of flow from the inclusion.
The gum is white or white-yellow in colour &The gum is white or white-yellow in colour &
translucent. It is odourless & has little taste.translucent. It is odourless & has little taste.
Tragacanth swells into a gelatinous mass whenTragacanth swells into a gelatinous mass when
placed in water, but only a small portion willplaced in water, but only a small portion will
dissolve.dissolve.
With strong iodine solutions, a previously soaked gumWith strong iodine solutions, a previously soaked gum
will turn a slight green colour, otherwise only a fewwill turn a slight green colour, otherwise only a few
blue spots will be visible with a dilute solution ofblue spots will be visible with a dilute solution of
iodine.iodine.

CONSTITUENTS OFCONSTITUENTS OF
A water-soluble fraction (tragacanthin)A water-soluble fraction (tragacanthin)
A water-insoluble fraction (bassorin)A water-insoluble fraction (bassorin)
(Both these are insoluble in alcohol)(Both these are insoluble in alcohol)
SugarSugar
Uronic acidsUronic acids
On hydrolysis:On hydrolysis:
Galacturonic acidGalacturonic acid
D-galactopyranoseD-galactopyranose
L-arabinofuransoeL-arabinofuransoe
D- xylopyranoseD- xylopyranose

ALLIED HERBS &ALLIED HERBS &
ADULTERATIONADULTERATION
Chitral gum -Chitral gum - A. strobiliferusA. strobiliferus
Sterculia gum (Karaya gum) – used toSterculia gum (Karaya gum) – used to
adulterate Tragacanthadulterate Tragacanth
Insoluble Shiraz gum: a gum of doubtfulInsoluble Shiraz gum: a gum of doubtful
botanical origin imported from Iran –botanical origin imported from Iran –
distinguished from Tragacanth in that itdistinguished from Tragacanth in that it
contains no starchcontains no starch

USES OF TRAGACANTH GUMUSES OF TRAGACANTH GUM
Uses as a suspendingUses as a suspending
agent for insolubleagent for insoluble
powderspowders
Binding agent in pills &Binding agent in pills &
tablets.tablets.
Food industry - additiveFood industry - additive

STERCULIA GUMSTERCULIA GUM
DEFINITION: Sterculia gumDEFINITION: Sterculia gum
is the gummy exudateis the gummy exudate
obtained from the tree,obtained from the tree,
Sterculia urensSterculia urens
(Sterculiaceae).(Sterculiaceae).
COMMON NAMES: KarayaCOMMON NAMES: Karaya
gum, Indian Tragacanth,gum, Indian Tragacanth,
Bassora TragacanthBassora Tragacanth
SOURCES: India,SOURCES: India,
Pakistan & Africa.Pakistan & Africa.

HISTORY OF STERCULIA GUMHISTORY OF STERCULIA GUM
The gum is of relativelyThe gum is of relatively
recent introduction,recent introduction,
being generally regardedbeing generally regarded
as an adulterant &as an adulterant &
inferior substitute forinferior substitute for
tragacanth.tragacanth.
Now, however, it hasNow, however, it has
shown to be superior toshown to be superior to
the other gums in certainthe other gums in certain
respects, & is official inrespects, & is official in
the BP.the BP.

COLLECTION & PREPARATIONCOLLECTION & PREPARATION
2 collections are made each year: before & after monsoon2 collections are made each year: before & after monsoon
season.season.
The 1The 1stst
collection gives a gum which has the highest viscosity.collection gives a gum which has the highest viscosity.
Smaller trees are tapped, but blazes are made in the biggerSmaller trees are tapped, but blazes are made in the bigger
trees up to 1 square foot in area & the gum immediately startstrees up to 1 square foot in area & the gum immediately starts
to exudate. The flow is greatest in the 1to exudate. The flow is greatest in the 1stst
24 hours, &24 hours, &
continuous for several days.continuous for several days.
The dried, irregular masses, weighing up to several kgs, areThe dried, irregular masses, weighing up to several kgs, are
packed off & transported. Indian merchants removepacked off & transported. Indian merchants remove
excessive bark & roughly sort the gum into 2 grades. It is thenexcessive bark & roughly sort the gum into 2 grades. It is then
further graded in Europe & USA according to colour &further graded in Europe & USA according to colour &
presence of foreign organic matter (mainly bark).presence of foreign organic matter (mainly bark).
It is finally sold as granulated (crystal) or a finely powderedIt is finally sold as granulated (crystal) or a finely powdered
product.product.
In some areas, over-production & destructive tapping methodsIn some areas, over-production & destructive tapping methods
have lead to a serious decline in the natural tree populationhave lead to a serious decline in the natural tree population
and has necessitated the introduction of a 10 year bans onand has necessitated the introduction of a 10 year bans on
collection.collection.

STERCULIA GUMSTERCULIA GUM
CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
Good quality gum occurs inGood quality gum occurs in
irregular, almostirregular, almost
colourless, translucent,colourless, translucent,
striated masses.striated masses.
Weight: 25 g (or more)Weight: 25 g (or more)
Medium grades: pinkishMedium grades: pinkish
tingetinge
Lower grades: very dark &Lower grades: very dark &
contain a large amount ofcontain a large amount of
bark.bark.
Sterculia gum has theSterculia gum has the
distinct odour of aceticdistinct odour of acetic
acid.acid.

STERCULIA & TRAGACANTHSTERCULIA & TRAGACANTH
When boiled with aWhen boiled with a
solution of potash,solution of potash,
sterculia gum turnssterculia gum turns
slightly brown, whileslightly brown, while
tragacanth turns canarytragacanth turns canary
yellow.yellow.
Sterculia also contains noSterculia also contains no
starch & stains pinkstarch & stains pink
with a solution ofwith a solution of
ruthenium red.ruthenium red.

STERCULIA CONSTITUENTSSTERCULIA CONSTITUENTS
Uronic acidsUronic acids
Partial hydrolysis yieldsPartial hydrolysis yields
- D-galactoseD-galactose
- L-rhamnoseL-rhamnose
- D-galacturonic acidD-galacturonic acid
- Acetic acidAcetic acid

USES OF STERCULIA GUMUSES OF STERCULIA GUM
Granular grades are usedGranular grades are used
as a bulk laxativeas a bulk laxative
(second only to(second only to
psyllium seed in use aspsyllium seed in use as
a bulk laxative).a bulk laxative).
Powdered gum is used inPowdered gum is used in
lozenges, pastes &lozenges, pastes &
denture fixturedenture fixture
powders.powders.

ACACIA GUMACACIA GUM
DEFINITION: Acacia gumDEFINITION: Acacia gum
is a dried gum obtainedis a dried gum obtained
from the stem & branchesfrom the stem & branches
ofof Acacia senegalAcacia senegal &&
some other spp ofsome other spp of AcaciaAcacia
(Leguminoseae).(Leguminoseae).
COMMON NAMES: GumCOMMON NAMES: Gum
ArabicArabic
GEOGRPAHICALGEOGRPAHICAL
SOURCES: Kordofan,SOURCES: Kordofan,
Senegal & NigeriaSenegal & Nigeria

Some gum exudates from trees as a result of the cracking ofSome gum exudates from trees as a result of the cracking of
the bark, but most of the best Kordofan is obtained fromthe bark, but most of the best Kordofan is obtained from
trees 6 years old, tapped in February & March, or after thetrees 6 years old, tapped in February & March, or after the
rains when the leaves fall.rains when the leaves fall.
A small axe is used to make a transverse incision in the bark.A small axe is used to make a transverse incision in the bark.
The axe is then twisted so that the bark is loosened. StripsThe axe is then twisted so that the bark is loosened. Strips
are then pulled off above & below the cut. A portion of theare then pulled off above & below the cut. A portion of the
cambium is then bared. This cambium then produces newcambium is then bared. This cambium then produces new
phloem & in about 30 days the tears of gum which havephloem & in about 30 days the tears of gum which have
formed on the surface may be picked off.formed on the surface may be picked off.
The gum is collected in leather bags. It is then cleaned fromThe gum is collected in leather bags. It is then cleaned from
sand & vegetable debris & sorted. This is then transportedsand & vegetable debris & sorted. This is then transported
to different countries for sale.to different countries for sale.
Spray-dried acacia is becoming of increasing importance andSpray-dried acacia is becoming of increasing importance and
is included as a monograph in the BP. In addition to itsis included as a monograph in the BP. In addition to its
general usefulness, it has a further advantage of a lowgeneral usefulness, it has a further advantage of a low
viable bacterial count.viable bacterial count.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ACACIACHARACTERISTICS OF ACACIA
Cleaned (not bleached)Cleaned (not bleached)
Kordofan gum has fewKordofan gum has few
cracks on the surfacecracks on the surface 
relatively transparent.relatively transparent.
Slightly pink-yellow in colour.Slightly pink-yellow in colour.
Tears are usually not veryTears are usually not very
uniform in size (some areuniform in size (some are
quite small, others have aquite small, others have a
diameter of >4 cm).diameter of >4 cm).
The better qualities of SenegalThe better qualities of Senegal
gum closely resemble thegum closely resemble the
Kordofan - are vermiform inKordofan - are vermiform in
shape, and the gum is alsoshape, and the gum is also
more yellow in colour.more yellow in colour.

TESTS FOR IDENTIFICATION &TESTS FOR IDENTIFICATION &
PURIFICATIONPURIFICATION
Acacia is almostAcacia is almost
completely soluble incompletely soluble in
an equal weight ofan equal weight of
water (solution takeswater (solution takes
place rather slowly).place rather slowly).
This solution is slightlyThis solution is slightly
acidic & becomes moreacidic & becomes more
so on keeping,so on keeping,
especially if hot water isespecially if hot water is
used to make theused to make the
solution. It is viscid &solution. It is viscid &
when diluted, does notwhen diluted, does not
deposit on standing.deposit on standing.

CONSTITUENTS OF ACACIACONSTITUENTS OF ACACIA
Consists mainly of arabin (Ca-salt [with traces ofConsists mainly of arabin (Ca-salt [with traces of
Mg & K] of arabic acid).Mg & K] of arabic acid).
- GalactoseGalactose
- ArabinoseArabinose
- RhamnoseRhamnose
- Uronic acidsUronic acids
- Oxidase enzymeOxidase enzyme
- 14 % water14 % water
On hydrolysisOn hydrolysis
- L-rhamnopyranoseL-rhamnopyranose
- D-galactopyranosseD-galactopyranosse
- L-arabinofuransoseL-arabinofuransose

USES & ACTIONS OF ACACIAUSES & ACTIONS OF ACACIA
Used as a generalUsed as a general
stabilizer in emulsionsstabilizer in emulsions
LozengesLozenges
Demulcent propertiesDemulcent properties
 used in diarrhoea,used in diarrhoea,
coughs, sore throats.coughs, sore throats.
It also has a wideIt also has a wide
spread use in thespread use in the
food, drink & otherfood, drink & other
industries.industries.

ALLIED HERBSALLIED HERBS
Talka gum – very broken & very variable inTalka gum – very broken & very variable in
composition (some tears are almost colourless,composition (some tears are almost colourless,
while others are brown).while others are brown).
Ghatti/Indian gum (Ghatti/Indian gum (Anogeissus latioliaAnogeissus latiolia) – produced in) – produced in
the same locations & in a similar manner asthe same locations & in a similar manner as
acacia. It resembles talka in possessing tears ofacacia. It resembles talka in possessing tears of
various colours. Aqueous dispersions of the gumvarious colours. Aqueous dispersions of the gum
have a viscosity between that of acacia & talkahave a viscosity between that of acacia & talka
gum.gum.
West African Gum Combretum (West African Gum Combretum (CombretumCombretum
nigricansnigricans) – not allowed as a food additive, but is) – not allowed as a food additive, but is
exploited as an adulterant for acacia.exploited as an adulterant for acacia.

PSYLLIUMPSYLLIUM
DEFINITION: PsylliumDEFINITION: Psyllium
consists of the dried,consists of the dried,
ripe seeds ofripe seeds of PlantagoPlantago
afraafra ((PlantagoPlantago
psylliumpsyllium),), P. indicaP. indica ((PP..
arenariaarenaria) &) & P. ovataP. ovata
(Plantaginaceae).(Plantaginaceae).
COMMON NAMES:COMMON NAMES:
Spanish or FrenchSpanish or French
psyllium, ispaghula,psyllium, ispaghula,
spogel seeds or Indianspogel seeds or Indian
plantage seeds.plantage seeds.

CHARACTERISTICS OFCHARACTERISTICS OF
PSYLLIUM (PSYLLIUM (P. afraP. afra))
Geographical sources:Geographical sources:
France, Spain, CubaFrance, Spain, Cuba
Colour: Glossy, deepColour: Glossy, deep
brownbrown
Shape: Boat-shaped,Shape: Boat-shaped,
outline elongatedoutline elongated
ovateovate
Length: 2 – 3 mmLength: 2 – 3 mm
Weight of 100 seeds:Weight of 100 seeds:
0.09 – 0.10g0.09 – 0.10g

PSYLLIUM (PSYLLIUM (P. indicaP. indica))
Mediterranean Europe,Mediterranean Europe,
EgyptEgypt
Colour: Dull, Black-brownColour: Dull, Black-brown
Shape: boat-shaped,Shape: boat-shaped,
outline ellipticaloutline elliptical
Length: 2 – 4 mmLength: 2 – 4 mm
Weight of 100 seeds: 0.12Weight of 100 seeds: 0.12
-0.14 g-0.14 g

PSYLLIUM (PSYLLIUM (P.P. ovataovata))
Pakistan, IndiaPakistan, India
Colour: Dull, pink grey-Colour: Dull, pink grey-
brownbrown
Shape: Boat-shaped,Shape: Boat-shaped,
outline ovateoutline ovate
Length: 1.5 – 0.19 gLength: 1.5 – 0.19 g

CONSTITUENTS OF PSYLLIUMCONSTITUENTS OF PSYLLIUM
All the seeds contain mucilage in the epidermis ofAll the seeds contain mucilage in the epidermis of
the testa.the testa.
2 fractions have been separated from the mucilage2 fractions have been separated from the mucilage
- One is soluble in cold water, & the other in hotOne is soluble in cold water, & the other in hot
water, making a viscous solution which gels onwater, making a viscous solution which gels on
cooling.cooling.
The seeds also contain fixed oilThe seeds also contain fixed oil
SugarsSugars
SterolsSterols
ProteinProtein

ALLIED DRUGS OF PSYLLIUMALLIED DRUGS OF PSYLLIUM
Wild seeds ofWild seeds of P. ovataP. ovata
& related species& related species
contain less mucilagecontain less mucilage
than the cultivatedthan the cultivated
variety.variety.
P. asiaticaP. asiatica (used in(used in
Chinese medicine).Chinese medicine).

PLANTAGO: USES & ACTIONSPLANTAGO: USES & ACTIONS
DemulcentDemulcent
Used for chronicUsed for chronic
constipation.constipation.

RESINSRESINS
DEFINITION: “Resin”DEFINITION: “Resin”
applies to productapplies to product
which is more or lesswhich is more or less
solid, with a complexsolid, with a complex
chemical nature.chemical nature.
When heated, theyWhen heated, they
will often soften &will often soften &
melt.melt.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONCHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Resins are mixtures ofResins are mixtures of
resin-acids, resinresin-acids, resin
alcohols (resinols),alcohols (resinols),
resin phenolsresin phenols
(resinotannols),(resinotannols),
esters & resenesesters & resenes
(chemically inert(chemically inert
compounds).compounds).

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICSPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Resins are insoluble inResins are insoluble in
water.water.
Normally insoluble inNormally insoluble in
petroleum spirit.petroleum spirit.
Will dissolve more orWill dissolve more or
less completely inless completely in
alcohol, chloroform &alcohol, chloroform &
ether.ether.

TYPES OF RESINSTYPES OF RESINS
Resins are very often associated withResins are very often associated with
- volatile oils (oleoresins)volatile oils (oleoresins)
- Gums (gum-resins)Gums (gum-resins)
- With oil & gum (oleo-gum-resins).With oil & gum (oleo-gum-resins).
NB: No clear distinction can be made betweenNB: No clear distinction can be made between
these groups, since many products can bethese groups, since many products can be
considered as belonging to more than 1 groupconsidered as belonging to more than 1 group
(e.g. ammoniacum – both a resin and a gum-(e.g. ammoniacum – both a resin and a gum-
resin, and it contains a volatile oil).resin, and it contains a volatile oil).
Resins may also be combined with sugars to formResins may also be combined with sugars to form
glycosides.glycosides.

OLEO-RESINSOLEO-RESINS
Oleo-resins areOleo-resins are
substances of soft orsubstances of soft or
semi-liquid consistency.semi-liquid consistency.
They are mixtures ofThey are mixtures of
essential oils & resins.essential oils & resins.
They are especiallyThey are especially
common in the Coniferscommon in the Conifers
(terpentine, Canada(terpentine, Canada
“balsam”), and in“balsam”), and in
certain dicotyledoncertain dicotyledon
families.families.

GUM-RESINS &GUM-RESINS &
OLEO-GUM-RESINSOLEO-GUM-RESINS
Gum-resins are exudates mainlyGum-resins are exudates mainly
consisting of resinous compoundsconsisting of resinous compounds
& gums (e.g. gamboge – exudate& gums (e.g. gamboge – exudate
ofof Garcinia hanburyiGarcinia hanburyi).).
Oleo-gum resins are exudatesOleo-gum resins are exudates
containing resinous compounds,containing resinous compounds,
gums & some volatile oils. Thegums & some volatile oils. The
resinous fractions of these productsresinous fractions of these products
is mostly comprised ofis mostly comprised of
triterpenoids, or in the case of thetriterpenoids, or in the case of the
Conifer oleo-resins, of diterpenes.Conifer oleo-resins, of diterpenes.
Oleo-gum-resins are no longer usedOleo-gum-resins are no longer used
in pharmacy, but some still play anin pharmacy, but some still play an
NB role in perfumery.NB role in perfumery.

BALSAMSBALSAMS
A balsam is “a particular type ofA balsam is “a particular type of
natural oleo-resin, characterizednatural oleo-resin, characterized
by the presence of benzoicby the presence of benzoic
constituents, cinnamicconstituents, cinnamic
constituents, or both types”.constituents, or both types”.
““Balsam” is often wrongly applied toBalsam” is often wrongly applied to
oleo-resins such as Canadaoleo-resins such as Canada
terpentine, & should be reseveredterpentine, & should be resevered
for true balsams (Balsam of Peru,for true balsams (Balsam of Peru,
Tolu & storax). These contain aTolu & storax). These contain a
high amount of aromatic balsamichigh amount of aromatic balsamic
acids.acids.

BALSAMSBALSAMS
If balsams contain freeIf balsams contain free
acids, they are partiallyacids, they are partially
soluble in hot water (duesoluble in hot water (due
to the solubility of theto the solubility of the
benzoic & cinnamicbenzoic & cinnamic
acids), while the aromaticacids), while the aromatic
esters & resins areesters & resins are
insoluble.insoluble.
Benzoin is best describedBenzoin is best described
as a balsamic resin.as a balsamic resin.

RESINSRESINS
All these above mentionedAll these above mentioned
products are preformedproducts are preformed
(normal physiological(normal physiological
products) in the plant, inproducts) in the plant, in
schizogenous orschizogenous or
schizolysigenous ducts orschizolysigenous ducts or
cavities.cavities.
Although preformed, theyAlthough preformed, they
usually increased in injuryusually increased in injury
(e.g. in the case of(e.g. in the case of PinusPinus).).
Many products (e.g. benzoin &Many products (e.g. benzoin &
balsam of Tolu) are notbalsam of Tolu) are not
formed in the plant until it hasformed in the plant until it has
been injured (pathologicalbeen injured (pathological
origin).origin).

Gums which are normally associated with resins &Gums which are normally associated with resins &
volatile oils usually resemble acacia gum involatile oils usually resemble acacia gum in
chemical nature. They also often containchemical nature. They also often contain
oxidase enzymes.oxidase enzymes.
While resins are normally produced in ducts orWhile resins are normally produced in ducts or
cavities, they may also be found in othercavities, they may also be found in other
locations, e.g.locations, e.g.
- Resin cells (bloodroot)Resin cells (bloodroot)
- Heartwood (guaiacum)Heartwood (guaiacum)
- External glands of Indian hempExternal glands of Indian hemp
- Internal glands of the male fernInternal glands of the male fern
- In the glands on the surface of the lac insectIn the glands on the surface of the lac insect

COLOPHONY RESIN &COLOPHONY RESIN &
TURPENTINETURPENTINE
DEFINTION: Colophony resin isDEFINTION: Colophony resin is
the yellow-dark brown solidthe yellow-dark brown solid
resin obtained from the stumpsresin obtained from the stumps
or sap of various species of theor sap of various species of the
PinusPinus genus.genus.
COMMON NAME: rosinCOMMON NAME: rosin
TURPENTINE DEFINITION:TURPENTINE DEFINITION:
a transparent, yellowish, thicka transparent, yellowish, thick
volatile liquid, obtained fromvolatile liquid, obtained from
the oleo-resin of variousthe oleo-resin of various PinusPinus
species.species.
GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCES:GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCES:
USA, Russia, Spain, Greece,USA, Russia, Spain, Greece,
Morocco, France, IndiaMorocco, France, India

BIOLOGICAL &BIOLOGICAL &
GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCESGEOGRAPHICAL SOURCES
Pinus palustrisPinus palustris (longleaf pine) - USA(longleaf pine) - USA
P. elliottiiP. elliottii (slash pine) - USA(slash pine) - USA
P. pinasterP. pinaster (P. maritima) – France, Italy,(P. maritima) – France, Italy,
Portugal & SpainPortugal & Spain
P. halepensisP. halepensis – Greece & Spain– Greece & Spain
P. roxburghiiP. roxburghii (P. longifolia) – India &(P. longifolia) – India &
PakistanPakistan

COLLECTIONCOLLECTION
Oleoresin is a normalOleoresin is a normal
(physiological)(physiological)
product in pines, butproduct in pines, but
the production isthe production is
greatly increased bygreatly increased by
injury.injury.
Method used to collectMethod used to collect
the resin – ‘Cup &the resin – ‘Cup &
gutter method’.gutter method’.

CUP & GUTTER METHODCUP & GUTTER METHOD
The blaze (longitudinal grove) is cut with a suitableThe blaze (longitudinal grove) is cut with a suitable
instrument (initially a few cm long but is enlargedinstrument (initially a few cm long but is enlarged
periodically). After about 4 years the incision isperiodically). After about 4 years the incision is
4 m long. Cups are then attached to the trunk4 m long. Cups are then attached to the trunk
by nails & strips of iron are used to direct theby nails & strips of iron are used to direct the
flow of the oleoresin. As the groves areflow of the oleoresin. As the groves are
lengthened, the cups are moved higher up thelengthened, the cups are moved higher up the
tree & new groves are started where old onestree & new groves are started where old ones
become too exhausted or to difficult to collect.become too exhausted or to difficult to collect.
The cups are emptied at intervals & sent to aThe cups are emptied at intervals & sent to a
distillery.distillery.
Trees can be tapped by this method for about 40Trees can be tapped by this method for about 40
years, commencing when the tree is about 20 –years, commencing when the tree is about 20 –
30 years old.30 years old.

PREPARTION OF RESIN (ROSIN)PREPARTION OF RESIN (ROSIN)
The crude oleoresin arrives at the distillery inThe crude oleoresin arrives at the distillery in
barrels. It is then heated in a stainless steelbarrels. It is then heated in a stainless steel
vessel with about 20 % by weight of turpentine.vessel with about 20 % by weight of turpentine.
After filtration it is allowed to stand (to separateAfter filtration it is allowed to stand (to separate
water & other impurities).water & other impurities).
The diluted oleoresin is then transferred toThe diluted oleoresin is then transferred to
Cu/stainless steel stills & the turpentine isCu/stainless steel stills & the turpentine is
removed by steam distillation.removed by steam distillation.
When distillation is complete (1-2 hrs for 2.5When distillation is complete (1-2 hrs for 2.5
tonnes) the molten resin is run through wiretonnes) the molten resin is run through wire
strainers into barrels, in which it cools & isstrainers into barrels, in which it cools & is
exported.exported.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ROSINCHARACTERISTICS OF ROSIN
Colophony occurs inColophony occurs in
translucent glassy massestranslucent glassy masses
of a pale yellow or amberof a pale yellow or amber
colour. It is brittle & easilycolour. It is brittle & easily
powdered. It fusespowdered. It fuses
gradually at about 100gradually at about 100°C &°C &
at higher temperaturesat higher temperatures
burns with a smoky flame.burns with a smoky flame.
It is insoluble in water, butIt is insoluble in water, but
soluble in alcohol, ether,soluble in alcohol, ether,
benzene & Ca-disulphide.benzene & Ca-disulphide.

CHEMICAL TESTSCHEMICAL TESTS
1.1. Dissolve 0.1 g powdered resin in 10 ml aceticDissolve 0.1 g powdered resin in 10 ml acetic
anhydride. Add 1 drop concentrated sulphuricanhydride. Add 1 drop concentrated sulphuric
acid on a glass rod.acid on a glass rod.
Positive result: On adding the acid, a purplePositive result: On adding the acid, a purple
colour, rapidly turning violet, is produced.colour, rapidly turning violet, is produced.
2.2. Shake a little powdered colophony with lightShake a little powdered colophony with light
petroleum & filter. Shake the solution with x2 ispetroleum & filter. Shake the solution with x2 is
volume of dilute solution of copper acetate.volume of dilute solution of copper acetate.
Positive Result: The petroleum layer becomesPositive Result: The petroleum layer becomes
emerald-green in colour.emerald-green in colour.

CONSTITUENTS OFCONSTITUENTS OF
COLOPHONYCOLOPHONY
Resin acids (90 %)Resin acids (90 %)
Resenes (inert, neutral substances)Resenes (inert, neutral substances)
Esters of fatty acidsEsters of fatty acids
The exact composition varies according toThe exact composition varies according to
the species and geographical source ofthe species and geographical source of
the tree, also the preparation method, agethe tree, also the preparation method, age
of the tree & method of storage.of the tree & method of storage.

USES OF COLOPHONYUSES OF COLOPHONY
Used in the preparation of zincUsed in the preparation of zinc
oxide & other adhesiveoxide & other adhesive
plasters & ointments etc.plasters & ointments etc.
It is also used inIt is also used in
-adhesives-adhesives
PrintingPrinting
InksInks
RubberRubber
LinoleiumLinoleium
ThermoplasticThermoplastic
Floor tilesFloor tiles
Surface coatingsSurface coatings

BENZOINBENZOIN
DEFINITION: SumatraDEFINITION: Sumatra
Benzoin is a balsamic resinBenzoin is a balsamic resin
obtained from the incisedobtained from the incised
stem ofstem of Styrax benzoinStyrax benzoin &&
Styrax paralleloneurusStyrax paralleloneurus
(Styracaceae).(Styracaceae).
Another official variety existsAnother official variety exists
(Siam benzoin –(Siam benzoin – StyraxStyrax
tonkinensistonkinensis but is notbut is not
included in the BP).included in the BP).
GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCES:GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCES:
Cultivated trees in Sumatra,Cultivated trees in Sumatra,
Java & Borneo. SiamJava & Borneo. Siam
benzoin – Thailand.benzoin – Thailand.

Sumatra benzoin is a pathological productSumatra benzoin is a pathological product
(evidence indicates it is formed not only as(evidence indicates it is formed not only as
a result of incision, but also due to fungi).a result of incision, but also due to fungi).
In Sumatra the seeds are sown in rice fields,In Sumatra the seeds are sown in rice fields,
the rice shading the young trees duringthe rice shading the young trees during
their 1their 1stst
year. After the harvesting of theyear. After the harvesting of the
rice the trees are allowed to grow untilrice the trees are allowed to grow until
they are about 7 years old.they are about 7 years old.

TAPPING OF BENZOINTAPPING OF BENZOIN
3 lines of incisions are make in the trees which are3 lines of incisions are make in the trees which are
gradually lengthened. The bark between wounds isgradually lengthened. The bark between wounds is
scraped smooth. The 1scraped smooth. The 1stst
secretion is very sticky & issecretion is very sticky & is
rejected. After making additional cuts, the secretionsrejected. After making additional cuts, the secretions
become harder.become harder.
Further incisions are made at a 3month intervals & theFurther incisions are made at a 3month intervals & the
secretions become crystalline. 6 weeks after eachsecretions become crystalline. 6 weeks after each
fresh tapping the product is scraped off, the outerfresh tapping the product is scraped off, the outer
layer (the finest quality), & is kept separate from thelayer (the finest quality), & is kept separate from the
next layer. After another 2 weeks the tree is scrapednext layer. After another 2 weeks the tree is scraped
again – giving a worse grade of product (darker inagain – giving a worse grade of product (darker in
colour & contains bark). Fresh incisions are thencolour & contains bark). Fresh incisions are then
made and the above process is repeated.made and the above process is repeated.
After a time the incision line moves higher up the bark.After a time the incision line moves higher up the bark.

GRADESGRADES
The above mentioned product not sold as suchThe above mentioned product not sold as such
but is blended to give the benzoin grades ofbut is blended to give the benzoin grades of
commerce.commerce.
The blending is done by breaking up the drug,The blending is done by breaking up the drug,
mixing different proportions of the 3 qualities &mixing different proportions of the 3 qualities &
softening in the sun. (It was formerly exportedsoftening in the sun. (It was formerly exported
after stamping into tins but now the commercialafter stamping into tins but now the commercial
product arrives in plaited containers with aproduct arrives in plaited containers with a
plastic wrapping).plastic wrapping).

CHARACTERS OF BENZOINCHARACTERS OF BENZOIN
Sumatra benzoin occurs in brittleSumatra benzoin occurs in brittle
masses consisting of opaque,masses consisting of opaque,
whitish or reddish tearswhitish or reddish tears
embedded in a translucent, red-embedded in a translucent, red-
brown or grey-brown, resinousbrown or grey-brown, resinous
matirx.matirx.
Odour: agreeable & balsamic butOdour: agreeable & balsamic but
not very marked.not very marked.
Taste: slightly acrid.Taste: slightly acrid.
When gradually heated, benzoinWhen gradually heated, benzoin
evolves in white fumes ofevolves in white fumes of
cinnamic & benzoic acids whichcinnamic & benzoic acids which
condense on a cool surface as acondense on a cool surface as a
crystalline sublimate.crystalline sublimate.

CONSTITUENTS OF BENZOINCONSTITUENTS OF BENZOIN
Free balsamic acids & esters derived fromFree balsamic acids & esters derived from
them.them.
Triterpenoid acidsTriterpenoid acids
Free acidsFree acids
VanillinVanillin
Cinnamic acidCinnamic acid

ALLIED DRUG OF BENZOINALLIED DRUG OF BENZOIN
Palembang benzoin – anPalembang benzoin – an
inferior product in Sumatra.inferior product in Sumatra.
It is easily distinguished,It is easily distinguished,
being very light in weightbeing very light in weight
and breaking with anand breaking with an
irregular porous fracture. Itirregular porous fracture. It
consists almost entirely ofconsists almost entirely of
red-brown resin, with onlyred-brown resin, with only
a small few tearsa small few tears
embedded in it.embedded in it.
It is used as a source ofIt is used as a source of
natural benzoic acid.natural benzoic acid.

USES OF BENZOINUSES OF BENZOIN
When taken internallyWhen taken internally
- ExpectorantExpectorant
- Anti-septicAnti-septic
It is mainly used as an ingredientIt is mainly used as an ingredient
in Friar’s balsam or as ain Friar’s balsam or as a
cosmetic lotion.cosmetic lotion.
It is also widely used in the food,It is also widely used in the food,
drinks, perfumery & toiletrydrinks, perfumery & toiletry
industries. It is also used toindustries. It is also used to
make incense.make incense.

MYRRHMYRRH
DEFINITION: Myrrh is anDEFINITION: Myrrh is an
oleo-resin, obtained fromoleo-resin, obtained from
the stem of variousthe stem of various
species ofspecies of CommiphoraCommiphora
(Burseraceae).(Burseraceae).
Species:Species: C. molmol,C. molmol,
C. myrrha, C. abyssinicaC. myrrha, C. abyssinica
COMMON NAMES: ArabianCOMMON NAMES: Arabian
myrrh, Somali myrrh.myrrh, Somali myrrh.
GEOGAPHICAL SOURCES:GEOGAPHICAL SOURCES:
NE Africa, Arabia,NE Africa, Arabia,
Abyssinia & Somalia.Abyssinia & Somalia.

COLLECTION OF MYRRHCOLLECTION OF MYRRH
Myrrh posses shizolysigenousMyrrh posses shizolysigenous
cavites & oleo-resin canals.cavites & oleo-resin canals.
Much of the secretion is obtainedMuch of the secretion is obtained
by spontaneous exudation fromby spontaneous exudation from
the cracks & fissures whichthe cracks & fissures which
commonly form in the bark.commonly form in the bark.
Some is obtained by incision.Some is obtained by incision.
The yellow-white, viscous fluidThe yellow-white, viscous fluid
soon hardens in the heat tosoon hardens in the heat to
form a red-brown mass, whichform a red-brown mass, which
is then collected.is then collected.
Gums are collected at the sameGums are collected at the same
time as the resin, so this oftentime as the resin, so this often
has to be picked out from thehas to be picked out from the
herb.herb.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MYRRHCHARACTERISTICS OF MYRRH
Myrrh occurs in irregular tears orMyrrh occurs in irregular tears or
masses weighing up to 250 g.masses weighing up to 250 g.
The surface is red-brown orThe surface is red-brown or
red-yellow in colour & powdery.red-yellow in colour & powdery.
The drug fractures & powdersThe drug fractures & powders
easily. The newly exposedeasily. The newly exposed
surface is then a rich brownsurface is then a rich brown
colour & oily. White marks arecolour & oily. White marks are
sometimes seen & thin splinterssometimes seen & thin splinters
of the drug are translucent.of the drug are translucent.
Myrrh has an aromatic odour & anMyrrh has an aromatic odour & an
aromatic, bitter & acrid taste.aromatic, bitter & acrid taste.

CONSTITUENTS OF MYRRHCONSTITUENTS OF MYRRH
Volatile oilVolatile oil
ResinResin
GumGum
Impurities (4 %)Impurities (4 %)
Volatile oil: terpenes, sesquiterpenes,Volatile oil: terpenes, sesquiterpenes,
esters & eugenol.esters & eugenol.

MYRRH – ALLIED DRUGSMYRRH – ALLIED DRUGS
C. erythaeaC. erythaea var.var.
glabrescensglabrescens ––
resembles soft myrrh inresembles soft myrrh in
appearance but isappearance but is
easily distinguished byeasily distinguished by
the more aromaticthe more aromatic
odour and it does notodour and it does not
give a violet colour withgive a violet colour with
the bromide test.the bromide test.
Gum hotaiGum hotai is opaque &is opaque &
odourless – it containsodourless – it contains
a saponin & is used fora saponin & is used for
washing the hair.washing the hair.

USES OF MYRRHUSES OF MYRRH
Used in incense &Used in incense &
perfumes.perfumes.
Like many other resins:Like many other resins:
local stimulant & anti-local stimulant & anti-
septic properties.septic properties.
Mainly used inMainly used in
medicine in the formmedicine in the form
of a mouth-wash.of a mouth-wash.
- Anti-ulcerAnti-ulcer
- CytoprotectiveCytoprotective

TOLU BALSAMTOLU BALSAM
DEFINITION: Tolu balsamDEFINITION: Tolu balsam
is obtained by the incisionis obtained by the incision
from the trunk offrom the trunk of
Myroxylon balsamumMyroxylon balsamum
(Leguminoseae).(Leguminoseae).
SOURCES: West Indies,SOURCES: West Indies,
Peru, Colombia &Peru, Colombia &
VenezuelaVenezuela

COLLECTION OF TOLU BALSAMCOLLECTION OF TOLU BALSAM
Tolu balsam is collected by making V-Tolu balsam is collected by making V-
shaped incisions in the bark. Theshaped incisions in the bark. The
secretion is then received in a calabashsecretion is then received in a calabash
placed in the angle of the V. Many suchplaced in the angle of the V. Many such
receivers are fixed on each tree (yield perreceivers are fixed on each tree (yield per
treetree ± 8 – 10 kg).± 8 – 10 kg).
Periodically, the balsam is transferred toPeriodically, the balsam is transferred to
larger containers.larger containers.
It is then exported in tins.It is then exported in tins.

CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
OF TOLU BALSAMOF TOLU BALSAM
When freshly imported, tolu is a soft, yellowWhen freshly imported, tolu is a soft, yellow
semi-solid. On keeping it turns a brown,semi-solid. On keeping it turns a brown,
brittle solid. It softens on warming.brittle solid. It softens on warming.
Odour: Aromatic & fragrantOdour: Aromatic & fragrant
Taste: Aromatic – drug forms a plasticTaste: Aromatic – drug forms a plastic
mass when chewed.mass when chewed.
Almost entirely soluble in alcohol – solutionAlmost entirely soluble in alcohol – solution
is slightly acidic & gives a green colouris slightly acidic & gives a green colour
with ferric chloride.with ferric chloride.

CONSTITUENTS OF TOLUCONSTITUENTS OF TOLU
BALSAMBALSAM
80 % resin (from resin alcohols combined80 % resin (from resin alcohols combined
with cinnamic & benzoic acids)with cinnamic & benzoic acids)
Free aromatic acids – free cinnamic acid &Free aromatic acids – free cinnamic acid &
free benzoic acid.free benzoic acid.
A little vanillinA little vanillin
EugenolEugenol

USES OF TOLU BALSAMUSES OF TOLU BALSAM
Genuine tolu balsam isGenuine tolu balsam is
difficult to obtain.difficult to obtain.
Tolu balam is anti-speticTolu balam is anti-spetic
 used in coughused in cough
syrups.syrups.

STORAXSTORAX
DEFINITION: PreparedDEFINITION: Prepared
storax is a balsamstorax is a balsam
obtained from theobtained from the
wounded trunk ofwounded trunk of
Liquidambar orientalisLiquidambar orientalis
(Hammamlidaceae) & is(Hammamlidaceae) & is
then purified. This inthen purified. This in
known as Levant storax.known as Levant storax.
SOURCES: SW TurkeySOURCES: SW Turkey

In early summer the bark is injured by bruising or byIn early summer the bark is injured by bruising or by
making incisions. After a time the outer bark maybemaking incisions. After a time the outer bark maybe
pared off, or the whole bark may be left until thepared off, or the whole bark may be left until the
autumn, when it is removed. The pieces of bark areautumn, when it is removed. The pieces of bark are
pressed in horse-hair bags, 1pressed in horse-hair bags, 1stst
in the cold, then byin the cold, then by
steeping them in hot water. Sometimes the bark issteeping them in hot water. Sometimes the bark is
boiled in water & pressed again. The exhausted barkboiled in water & pressed again. The exhausted bark
is used in the East for fumigation. This crude or liquidis used in the East for fumigation. This crude or liquid
balsam is then exported to Izmir.balsam is then exported to Izmir.
Storax is obtained by 1Storax is obtained by 1stst
dissolving the crude balsam indissolving the crude balsam in
alcohol, filtering & recovering the solvent at as low aalcohol, filtering & recovering the solvent at as low a
temperature as possible (to not lose any volatiletemperature as possible (to not lose any volatile
constituents) – the alcohol insoluble constituents areconstituents) – the alcohol insoluble constituents are
vegetable debris & a resin.vegetable debris & a resin.

STORAX CHARACTERSSTORAX CHARACTERS
Crude storax: grey, viscousCrude storax: grey, viscous
liquid with a pleasant odourliquid with a pleasant odour
& bitter taste.& bitter taste.
Contains 30 % water & 87 % isContains 30 % water & 87 % is
alcohol soluble.alcohol soluble.
Purified storax: brown, viscous,Purified storax: brown, viscous,
semi-solid mass that losessemi-solid mass that loses
not more than 5 % of itsnot more than 5 % of its
weight when dried on aweight when dried on a
water-bath for 1 hr. It iswater-bath for 1 hr. It is
completely soluble in alcoholcompletely soluble in alcohol
and partially in ether. It hasand partially in ether. It has
a characteristic balsamica characteristic balsamic
odour & taste.odour & taste.

CONSTITUENTS OF STORAXCONSTITUENTS OF STORAX
Rich in both free & combinedRich in both free & combined cinnamiccinnamic
acidacid..
47 %47 % balsamicbalsamic acidsacids
Cinnamic estersCinnamic esters
VanillinVanillin
Resin alcoholsResin alcohols

ALLIED DRUGS & UsesALLIED DRUGS & Uses
ALLIED DRUGS:ALLIED DRUGS:
American storax –American storax – L.L.
styraciflua –styraciflua –
resembles Levantresembles Levant
storax in constituentsstorax in constituents
USES: Storax is mainlyUSES: Storax is mainly
used in theused in the
preparation of friar’spreparation of friar’s
balsam and benzoinbalsam and benzoin
inhalation.inhalation.

PERU BALSAMPERU BALSAM
Balsam of Peru is obtainedBalsam of Peru is obtained
from the trunk offrom the trunk of
Myroxylon balsamumMyroxylon balsamum var.var.
pereiraepereirae (Leguminosae),(Leguminosae),
after it has been beated &after it has been beated &
scorched.scorched.
SOURCES: CentralSOURCES: Central
America.America.

Strips of bark are beaten with an axe or anotherStrips of bark are beaten with an axe or another
blunt instrument. The bark soon cracks & mayblunt instrument. The bark soon cracks & may
be pulled off after 2 weeks. The secretion whichbe pulled off after 2 weeks. The secretion which
results is purely pathological in origin & very littleresults is purely pathological in origin & very little
balsam can be obtained from the bark unless itbalsam can be obtained from the bark unless it
is charred with a torch about 1 week afteris charred with a torch about 1 week after
beating. The balsam produced in the bark isbeating. The balsam produced in the bark is
obtained by boiling the bark in water & is knownobtained by boiling the bark in water & is known
as tacuasonte (prepared without water), oras tacuasonte (prepared without water), or
balsamo de cascara (balsam of the bark)balsamo de cascara (balsam of the bark)

HOWEVER: The greater part of the balsam is preparedHOWEVER: The greater part of the balsam is prepared
after the removal of the bark, by a 2after the removal of the bark, by a 2ndnd
method. Themethod. The
balsam which exudes is soaked up with rags whichbalsam which exudes is soaked up with rags which
after some days, are cleaned by gently boiling withafter some days, are cleaned by gently boiling with
water & squeezing in a rope press. The balsam sinkswater & squeezing in a rope press. The balsam sinks
to the bottom, and the water, having been decanted,to the bottom, and the water, having been decanted,
the balsam (balsamo de trapo) is poured off &the balsam (balsamo de trapo) is poured off &
strained.strained.
Less destructive methods of preparation have beenLess destructive methods of preparation have been
investigated & include the removal of narrow strips ofinvestigated & include the removal of narrow strips of
bark & the replacement of scorching with the use of abark & the replacement of scorching with the use of a
hot iron. With this treatment the tree recovers in 6hot iron. With this treatment the tree recovers in 6
months, compared with the 8 years after the drasticmonths, compared with the 8 years after the drastic
traditional method.traditional method.

CHARACTERS OFCHARACTERS OF
PERU BALSAMPERU BALSAM
Balsam of Peru is a viscidBalsam of Peru is a viscid
liquid of somewhat oilyliquid of somewhat oily
nature, but free fromnature, but free from
stickiness & stringiness.stickiness & stringiness.
When seen in bulk, it isWhen seen in bulk, it is
dark brown or nearlydark brown or nearly
black in colour, but inblack in colour, but in
thin layers it is red-brownthin layers it is red-brown
& transparent.& transparent.
It has a pleasant, vanilla-It has a pleasant, vanilla-
like odour & an acrid,like odour & an acrid,
slightly bitter taste.slightly bitter taste.

CONSTITUENTSCONSTITUENTS
Esters – MainEsters – Main balsamic estersbalsamic esters  benzylbenzyl
cinnamate & cinamyl cinnamatecinnamate & cinamyl cinnamate
ResinResin
AlcoholAlcohol
VanillinVanillin
Free cinnamic acidFree cinnamic acid
FlavonoidsFlavonoids

USES OF PERU BALSAMUSES OF PERU BALSAM
Used as an anti-septicUsed as an anti-septic
dressing for woundsdressing for wounds
Used as a parasiticideUsed as a parasiticide
Not used as a medicine veryNot used as a medicine very
often in the West.often in the West.
Taken internally to treatTaken internally to treat
catarrh & diarrhoea.catarrh & diarrhoea.
NB: Allergic reactions areNB: Allergic reactions are
possible.possible.

GUMS & MUCILAGE: Properties, Sources and Uses

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