This is a good write up for student studying microbiology

1. THE ROLE OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
IN THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND
CONTROL OF TUBERCULOSIS
BY
ADAMS SADIAT HALIMAT
20HSM033

2.  Epidemiology is the branch of medicine which
deals with the incidence, distribution, and
possible control of diseases and other factors
relating to health.
 Tuberculosis is a potentially serious infectious
disease that mainly affects the lungs.

3. 19th century peak incidence in western Europe and
North America
1882 - M. tuberculosis identificated by Koch
1920 - „sanatorium regimen“, collapse therapy,
thoracoplasty
1960 - chemotherapy
Introduction

4. • acid (alcohol, alkalis)
fasteness
• slow rate of growth
• sensitive to heat and UV
irradiation
• nonmotile
• nonsporulating

5. 1. Ischaemic heart disease 7.2 12.2
2. Cerebrovascular disease 5.7 9.7
3. Lower respiratory infections 4.2 7.1
4. COPD 3.0 5.1
5. Diarrhoeal diseases 2.2 3.7
6. HIV/AIDS 2.0 3.5
7. Tuberculosis 1.5 2.5
8. Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers 1.3 2.3
9. Road traffic accidents 1.3 2.2
10. Prematurity and low birth weight 1.2 2.0

6. Epidemiology

7. Exposure
• Living in the
household of a
tuberculosis case
• Immigration from an
endemic area (Asia,
Latin America)
• Exposure in
congregate living
facilities (jails, shelters,
health care facilities)
• Older age
• Residence in higher
incidence location
(inner cities)
Susceptibility
• HIV+ & PPD > 5 mm
• Drug users
• Close contacts of person known or suspected to
have TB, sharing the same household or other
enclosed enviroment & PPD > 5 mm
• Documented recent converters (PPD increase >
10 mm within 2 years for those under age 35 or
> 15 mm - 35 years old and over)
• Medical risk factors (+PPD > 10 mm):
– silicosis
– weight of 10% or more below ideal body
weight
– chronic renal failure
– diabetes mellitus
– prolonged corticosteroid therapy
– Persons from areas with high TB prevalence
< 35 years old + PPD > 10 mm
– Any skin test reactor less than 15 years old
(PPD > 10 mm)
Epidemiology

8. Group Annual risk of TB
HIV 3-10%
2-5%
2-4%
PPD Converters
Abnormal CXR
Diabetes mellitus 0,3%
No risk factor 0,01-0,1%
Epidemiology

9. • in patients without specific immunity
• phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages
• primary lesion (Ghon focus) - mid or lower lung
zones
• marked tendency to central liquefaction and
cellular breakdown
• spread through lymphatic to regional lymph
nodes - marked reaction
• spread into blood stream - possible settling
throughout body
Pathogenesis

10. lipoarabinomannan
complement
receptor
phagosome
•inhibition of Ca2+ signals
•blockage of recruitment
and assembly of fusion
mediating proteins
transport to lymph
nodes
dissemination by
blood stream
Primary infection
AM
lysosome
mannose receptor

11. • Cough
• Sputum (mucoid, mucopurulent)
• Haemoptysis
• Chest pain (pleural involvement,
mediastinal lymph nodes
enlargement)
Clinical
manifestation

12. • Fever (active, progressive disease,
inverse temperature chart)
• Night sweats
• Loss of appetite, weight loss
• Other symptoms: amenorhea, stool
disturbances, hoarseness,
arrhytmias, erythema nodosum,
phlyctenular conjuctivitis…
Clinical
manifestation

13. 1. Ensure proper ventilation of the patients
2. Cover the mouth while sneezing or
coughing
3. Taking prescribed medicines – keep
regular follow up with the doctor
4. Report any side effects of the medicines

14. The study demonstrated role of immune system
in epidemiology and tuberculosis infection
control, Tuberculosis remains one of the most
deadly infectious diseases and has claimed
millions of lives for many years. While significant
progress has been made towards controlling the
global burden of TB over the past decade, more
efforts are still needed. Emerging issues such
as multi drug-resistance threatens to revert the
progress made regarding TB care and control

15. THANK YOU