This document provides an overview of architectural trends from the 20th century to present day. It discusses the rise of Modernism in response to World War 1 and the need to rebuild cities. Key Modernist movements discussed include Bauhaus, International Style, Brutalism, and Organic Architecture. Post-Modernism emerged as a response to Modernism, combining traditional forms with new ideas. Post-Modern trends mentioned are Deconstructivism, High-Tech, and Expressionism. More recently, the focus has shifted to Ecological Architecture and sustainable development to minimize environmental impact through efficient energy use.

1. UMM TIZI- OUZOU
Départment of Architecture
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Represented by:
miss MEDDAHI Kahina
Gived to:
Miss DAROUICHE
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University year: 2008/2009

2. Work Plan
Introduction
8-Organic Architecture
5-International style
7-Minimalism
6-Brutalism
3-Functionalism
4-Bauhaus
Chapter II: Post-Modernism
2-Formalism
1-Structuralism
Chapter III: Ecologic Architecture
Chapter I: Modernism
1-Déconstructivism 2-High- tech
3-Expressionism and Neo-expressionism
1-Ecologic Architecture 2-Sustainable development.
Conclusion
References

3. Introduction
During the beginning of XX th century, many
towers in the world, were destroyed after a heat
war. This stressed situation leads to appearance
of Modernist movement as a trend to remedy
towns in chaos.
This movement advocate a decomposition of
urban functions under the concept of zoning by
division of surfaces of ground and organization
of transport.
Tower witch was a structured organism became
an addition of fragments relied by transport.
Consequently towers lost their system and
identity. As an alternative, the movement post-
modernist was emerged to remedy, in his turn,
modern towens.
Town during war

4. Chapter I: Modernism
*Présentation of Modernism:
Modernism is an architectural movement appeared at the beginning of
XX th century. It was a trend to remedy the crise of architecture and
urbanism, after the first word war. This movement advocate a
construction which is deprived of ornament; deny history; standard and
rationalized. Le Corbusier advocate the concept of living machine. He
said that every human in the world requirements to living, to working, to
circulating and to recreating his body and his mind.
Appeared in his project Villa Savoye, Le Corbusier established pillars of
Modern Architecture witch are:
-Piloti as the base of the building.
-Terraces
-Free facade
-Modulor : measurement system witch is proportional with human
measurement
--Beam and lintels as a dominate system of construction.
--Horizontal raw of windows
--Armed concrete as a principal material of construction
-Emphasis on function
Le Corbusier presented his
modern project Villa Savoye.
*Modern architectes:
-Le Corbusier
-Frank Lloyd Wright
-Mies Van der Rohe

5. Chapter I: Modernism
Modernism
Organic ArchitectureInternational style MinimalismBrutalism
FunctionalismFormalism BauhausStructuralism

6. Chapter I: Modernism
1-Structuralism:
Structuralism is based on the idea that all things are built from a system of
signs and these signs are made up of opposites: male/female, hot/cold,
old/young, etc. For Structuralists, design is a process of searching for the
relationship between elements. Structuralists are also interested in the social
structures and mental processes that contributed to the design.
Structuralist architecture will have a great deal of complexity within a highly
structured framework. For example, a Structuralist design may consist of cell-
like honeycomb shapes,
intersecting planes, cubed grids, or densely clustered spaces with courtyards.
The Berlin Holocaust
Memorial is a Structuralist
work by Peter Eisenmann
The Bank of China Tower, 1990,
by Pritzker Prize-winning architect
Ieoh Ming Pei
As the name suggests, Formalism emphasizes form. The architect is
interested in visual relationships between the building parts and the work as a
whole. Shape, often on a monumental scale, is the focus of attention. Lines
and rigid geometric shapes predominate in Formalist architecture.
You will find Formalism in many Modernist buildings, especially in Bauhaus
and International Style architecture. Architect I.M. Pei has often been praised
for the "elegant formalism" of his works.
2-Formalism:

7. Chapter I: Modernism
3-Functionalism:
The Functionalist Yale Center for British Art in
New Haven designed by the architect Louis I.
Kahn
Louis Sullivan who coined the phrase "form follows function,"
and other architects were striving for "honest" approaches to
building design that focused on functional efficiency.
Functionalist architects believed that the ways buildings are
used and the types of materials available should determine the
design.
Of course, Louis Sullivan lavished his buildings with
ornamental details that did not serve any functional purpose.
The philosophy of functionalism was followed more closely by
Bauhaus and International Style architects.
Toward the end of the 20th century, the term Functionalism
was used to describe any practical structure that was quickly
constructed for purely practical purposes without an eye for
artistry. However, for Bauhaus and other early Functionalists,
the concept was a liberating philosophy that freed architecture
from frilly excesses of the past.

8. Chapter I: Modernism
Bauhaus is a German expression meaning house for building. In
1919, the economy in Germany was collapsing after a crushing
war. Architect Walter Gropius was appointed to head a new
institution that would help rebuild the country and form a new
social order. Called the Bauhaus, the Institution called for a new
"rational" social housing for the workers. Bauhaus architects
rejected "bourgeois" details such as cornices, eaves, and
decorative details. They wanted to use principles of Classical
architecture in their most pure form: without ornamentation of
any kind.
Bauhaus buildings have flat roofs, smooth facades, and cubic
shapes. Colors are white, gray, beige, or black. Floor plans are
open and furniture is functional.
The Bauhaus school disbanded when the Nazis rose to power.
Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and other Bauhaus
leaders migrated to the United States. The term International
Style was applied to the American form of Bauhaus architecture.
4-Bauhaus:
The Bauhaus Gropius House
in Lincoln, Massachusetts

9. Chapter I: Modernism
5-International style:
Le Corbusier's United Nations Secretariat building over-
looks the New York City skyline along the East River.
International Style is a term often used to describe
Bauhaus architecture in the United States. The name
came from the book The International Style by historian
and critic Henry-Russell Hitchcock and architect Philip
Johnson. The book was published in 1932 in
conjunction with an exhibition at the Museum of Modern
Art in New York. The term is again used in a later book,
International Architecture, by Walter Gropius.
While German Bauhaus architecture had been
concerned with the social aspects of design, America's
International Style became a symbolism of Capitalism:
The International Style is the favored architecture for
office buildings, and is also found in upscale homes
built for the rich.
One of the most famous examples of the International
Style is the United Nations Secretariat building,
designed by the Bauhaus architect Le Corbusier. The
smooth glass-sided slab dominates New York's skyline
along the East River. The United Nations Secretariat
building was completed in 1952

10. Chapter I: Modernism
6-Brutalism:
The Paulo Mendes da Rocha Residence in São Paulo,
Brazil by Paulo Mendes da Rocha, 2006 Pritzker
Architecture Prize Laureate
The term Brutalism was first used in the early 1950s to
describe the simple concrete buildings designed by Le
Corbusier. Stark and angular, Brutalism grew out of the
International Style, but the designs may strike you as
less refined. Brutalist buildings can be constructed
quickly and economically.
Brutalist architecture has these features:
-Precast concrete slabs
-Rough, unfinished surfaces
-Exposed steel beams
-Massive, sculptural shapes
The Prizker Prize-winning architect Paulo Mendes da
Rocha is often called a "Brazilian Brutalist" because his
buildings are constructed of prefabricated and mass-
produced concrete components. Shown here is his
home in São Paulo, Brazil.

11. Chapter I: Modernism
7-Minimalism:
The Minimalist Luis Barragan House, or Casa de
Luis Barragán, was the home and studio of
Mexican architect Luis Barragán. This building is
a classic example of the Pritzker Prize Laureate's
use of texture, bright colors, and diffused light.
One important trend in Modernist architecture is the movement
minimalist or reductivist design. Marks of Minimalism are:
-Buildings are stripped of all but the most essential elements
-Emphasis is placed on the outline, or frame, of the structure
Interior walls are eliminated
-Floor plans are open
-Lighting is used to dramatize lines and planes
-The negative spaces around the structure are part of the
overall design.
Modernist architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe paved the way
for Minimalism when he said, "Less is more." Minimalist
architects drew much of their inspiration from the elegant
simplicity of traditional Japanese architecture. Minimalists were
also inspired by a movement of early twentieth century Dutch
artists known as De Stijl. Valuing simplicity and abstraction, De
Stijl artists used only straight lines and rectangular shapes.
Architects known for Minimalist designs include:
-Tadao Ando
-Luis Barragan
-Yoshio Taniguchi
-Richard Gluckman
-Luis Barragán

12. Chapter I: Modernism
An example of Organic architecture: The Sydney
Opera House, designed by Jørn Utzon, winner of
the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2003
Frank Lloyd Wright said that all architecture is organic, and the Art Nouveau architects of the early twentieth century
incorporated curving, plant-like shapes into their designs. But in the later half of the twentieth century, Modernist
architects took the concept of organic architecture to new heights. By using new forms of concrete and cantilever
trusses, architects could create swooping arches without visible beams or pillars.
Organic buildings are never linear or rigidly geometric. Instead, wavy lines and curved shapes suggest natural
forms
.
*Exemples of Organic Modernism:
8-Organic Architecture:
Frank Lloyd Wright used shell-like spiral forms
when he designed the Solomon R.
Guggenheim Museum in New York City

13. Chapter II: Post- modernism
Philip Johnson's At&T Headquarters
is often cited as an example of
postmodernism. Many like however, is
an oversized "Chippendale" pediment.
Postmodern architecture evolved from the modernist movement,
yet contradicts many of the modernist ideas. Combining new ideas
with traditional forms, postmodernist buildings may startle, surprise,
and even.
Familiar shapes and details are used in unexpected ways.
Buildings may incorporate symbols to make a
or simply to delight the viewer.
The key ideas of Postmodernism are set forth in two important
books by Robert Venturi: Complexity and Contradiction in
Architecture and Learning from Las Vegas.
*Postmodern Architects:
*Présentation of Post- modernism:
Robert Venturi Michel Graves Jean Nouvel

14. Chapter II: Post-Modernism
Post- Modernism
Déconstructivism High-techExpressionism
and Neo-
expressionism
Zaha Hadid ,Vitra Factory
Frank Gehry
Rogers Richard, Lloyd's
Building; London
Musée Guggenheim (Bilbao(
Erich Mendelsohn
the Einstein Tower

15. Chapter II: Post-modernism
1-Déconstructivism:
The basic elements of architecture deconstructivist are dismantles.
Deconstructivist buildings may seem to have no visual logic. They
may appear to be made up of unrelated, disharmonious abstract
forms. Deconstructive ideas are borrowed from the French
philosopher Jacques Derrida.
Rem Koolhaas, Zaha Hadid, Frank Gery are architects of This
movement. The new main central branch of the
Seattle Public Library designed by Rem
Koolhaas
2-High- tech:
High-tech buildings are often called machine-like. Steel, aluminum,
and glass combine with brightly colored braces, girders, and
beams. Many of the building parts are prefabricated in a factory
and assembled later. The support beams, duct work, and other
functional elements are placed on the exterior of the building,
where they become the focus of attention. The interior spaces are
open and adaptable for many uses. The High-tech Centre
Pompidou in Paris appears to be turned inside out, revealing its
inner workings on the exterior façade.
Centre Pompidou in France by Richard
Rogers, Renzo Piano, and Gianfranco
Franchini.

16. Chapter II: Post- modernism
3-Expressionism and Neo-expressionism
The Einstein Tower, Erich
Mendelsohn.
Expressionism evolved from the work of avant garde
artists and designers in Germany and other European
countries during the first decades of the twentieth century.
Characteristics of Expressionism are:
distorted shapes, fragmented lines, organic or biomorphic
forms, massive sculpted shapes, extensive use of
concrete and brick, lack of symmetry, red on paper but
never built.
Neo-expressionism built upon expressionist ideas.
Architects in the 1950s and 1960s designed buildings that
expressed their feelings about the surrounding landscape.
Sculptural forms suggested rocks and mountains. Organic
and Brutalist architecture can often be described as Neo-
expressionist.
*Expressionist and Neo-expressionist Architects:
Gunther Domenig
Hans Scharoun
Rudolf Steiner
Bruno Taut
Erich Mendelsohn

17. Chapter III: Ecologic Architecture
At our days, we speak more about an ecologic Architecture and HQE building wich include in the movement of
sustainble development. HQE buildings achieve thermical comfort without be harmful agains environement by
minimizing energic consumption.
.
2-Sustainable development.
It is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment. so that these
needs can be met not only in the present, but also for future generations. The term was used by the Brundtlan
Commission which coined what has become the most often-quoted definition of sustainable development as
development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs."
Sustainable development ties together concern for the carrying capacity of natural systems with the social
challenges facing humanity. As early as the 1970s "sustainability" was employed to describe an economy
"in equilibrium with basic ecological support systems." Ecologists have pointed to the “limits of growth” and
presented the alternative of a “steady state economy” in order to address environmental concerns.
Sustainable development is included in many domains: economie, sociologie, architecture, urbanism,…
It concerne, too, every gesture of our daily life.
1-Ecologic Architecture:

18. Conclusion
References
Every human idea contains in its essence causes of its faillure.
New ideas born after decadence of ancients. In this way, architecture was developed step by step, day by day,
during history.
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Encarte 2008
Dicos Encarta
Post- ModernismModernism Ecologic Architecture