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July 30-1110-Ian Godwin
1. Passive Managed Aquifer Recharge in
the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial
Aquifer of Northeast Arkansas
Soil and Water Conservation Society National Conference
30 July 2019
Ian Godwin, MS student
Arkansas State University
Michele L. Reba, PhD, PE
Delta Water Management Research Unit
2. STUDY AREA โ MISSISSIPPI RIVER VALLEY
Acres of Irrigated Land in 2012 (USDA NASS) Lower Mississippi River
Basin (LMRB)
โข Over 8 million acres of
irrigated cropland
โข ~60% in Arkansas
โข #1 rice producing state
โข #3 cotton producer
โข #10 soybean producer
โข 8 Bgal/day groundwater
used for irrigation in AR
MRVA Aquifer
3. USGS MERAS Model
MISSISSIPPI RIVER VALLEY ALLUVIAL AQUIFER
Clay
Fine
Sand
Med.
Sand
Coarse
Sand
Gravel
Clay
Surface
~40 โ 50 m
PUMPING
RECHARGE
4. OVERPUMPING AND GROUNDWATER DECLINES
CACHE
RIVER
GRAND
PRAIRIE
2007 2038(Clark et al., 2011)
Projected future declines in groundwater elevation
5. WATER CONSERVATION ACTIONS
2015
Location of
Reservoirs
CACHE
GRAND
PRAIRIE
Yaeger, M.A., M.L. Reba, J.H. Massey, and M.A. Adviento-Borbe. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 33(6): 869-878. DOI: 10.13031/aea.12352. 2017.
Yaeger, M., J.H. Massey, M.L. Reba, and M.A. Adviento-Borbe. Agricultural Water Management. 208:
373-383. DOI: 10.1016/agwat.
2018.06.040. 2018.
6. โข Surface clay layer limits annual recharge
โข Severe drawdown ๏ thick unsaturated zone = storage space
โข Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) โ putting water back into ground
โข Common MAR methods not easy in the Arkansas Delta
GROUNDWATER RECHARGE
Water SourceDrawdown
โข High land value
โข High sediment load in
surface water
โข Confining clay layer
7. GROUNDWATER RECHARGE
Water SourceInjection Well
DIRECT INJECTION
โข High treatment costs
โข High energy costs for
pumping
Drawdown
โข Surface clay layer limits annual recharge
โข Severe drawdown ๏ thick unsaturated zone = storage space
โข Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) โ putting water back into ground
โข Common MAR methods not easy in the Arkansas Delta
8. GROUNDWATER RECHARGE
SURFACE SPREADING Water SourceSpreading Basin
โข Land out of production
โข High rate of sediment
and algal clogging
โข Surface confining unit
Drawdown
โข Surface clay layer limits annual recharge
โข Severe drawdown ๏ thick unsaturated zone = storage space
โข Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) โ putting water back into ground
โข Common MAR methods not easy in the Arkansas Delta
9. โข Trenches excavated to permeable material
โข Filled with gravel, sand or other porous media
โข Internal plumbing connected to surface source
INFILTRATION GALLERIES
Water SourceGallery
Enviro-Utilities, Inc.
Drawdown
โข Completely sub-surface
โข Inexpensive materials
โข Design may slow clogging
โข Can be used in conjunction
with reservoirs (source)
10. โข Do the proper conditions exist?
โข How much water can galleries recharge?
โข Will water quality improve during infiltration?
INFILTRATION GALLERIES
Water SourceGallery
Enviro-Utilities, Inc.
Drawdown
11. โข Ideal site: thin confining clay + permeable aquifer
โข Focus on center of Cache CGA cone of depression
โข Mapping using 400+ well drilling logs
โข Clay thickness extremely variable (3 โ 15m)
โข 5 reservoirs with known water chemistry chosen
โข Areas with thin clay (< 5m) do exist
DO THE PROPER CONDITIONS EXIST?
MAPPING
12. โข Ideal site: thin confining clay + permeable aquifer
โข Electrical resistivity surveying (ERS)
โข Surveyed areas immediately around reservoirs
โข Upper aquifer is high resistivity, increases
downwardโฆcoarse material?
GEOPHYSICS
DO THE PROPER CONDITIONS EXIST?
13. โข Ideal site: thin confining clay + permeable aquifer
โข Direct-push probe collected samples down to 8-10m
โข Samples analysis: grain-size distribution, moisture,
FT-IR, ions and trace metals
โข Upper aquifer is quartz-dominated silty find sand,
estimated K โ 1 m/d
SAMPLING
DO THE PROPER CONDITIONS EXIST?
Depth (m)
14. โข Infiltration modeling with VS2D
โข Designed around results of geophysics and sample
analysis
โข Small galleries (15 x 1.5 m trench)
โข 30 m unsaturated zone (typical)
โข Unable to maintain saturated plume
โข Recharge rate: 35 โ 130 Lpm (average of 82)
โข One season = 14.35 acre-feet ๏ 5 โ 7 acres of rice
HOW MUCH CAN WE RECHARGE?
Simulation of infiltration plume
15. CAN WE IMPROVE WATER QUALITY?
โข Infiltration column experiments
โข Simulation of infiltration from gallery
โข Testing media:
โข Aquifer-like silty sand
โข Gallery fill material (gravel)
โข Testing parameters:
โข Glyphosate and quinclorac
โข Nitrate, ammonium, phosphate
โข Major cation/anion, changes to CEC
โข TSS, TDS, salinity, DO, temperature
โข Still in progress
16. CAN WE IMPROVE WATER QUALITY?
โข Gravel fill significantly reduces TSS,
TDS, and DO levels
โข Upper 1.5m of aquifer sand reduces
TSS by ~85 - 90%
17. โข Pilot site near Weiner, AR
โข ~ 3.5m of surface clay ๏ gallery excavated to 4.5m
โข Two small parallel galleries to be constructed
โข 15m long, 1.5m wide trench
SITE SELECTION AND DESIGN
Construction in Fall 2019
18. โข Operated in non-production
season (Oct โ Apr)
โข Fully automated
Continuous water quality
monitoring:
1. Source
2. In-gallery
3. Upper aquifer (lysimeters)
4. Groundwater (monitoring
wells)
OPERATION AND MONITORING
RESERVOIR
SURFACE CLAY
MRVAA SAND
WATER TABLE
1
2
3
4
SIDE VIEW
19. โข USGS MAP air-borne geophysical survey
โข High resolution at depth ๏ help to identify best places
for MAR
โข Wider implementation ๏ what would the impact be?
โข Operation of pilot galleries
โข Evaluation of recharge rate, clogging rate, groundwater
quality protection
โข Isotope tracer study
NEXT STEPS
20. THANK YOU
The land owners and producers who have agreed to support this study
USGS, Ryan Adams and Wade Kress for helping with ERS Surveys
Shawn Brewer, P.E., Chris King, P.G., and Tim Kresse, P.G.
NRCS for funding this and other water conservations projects in the region
Cotton Inc. Core funding 13-786
The Geological Society of America for funding support
Yin-Lin โJackโ Chiu, Jonathon Delp, Geoffrey Payne, Patrick Leppold, and Cameron
Green from USDA DWMRU for assisting with field work