Aligning Farm Returns and Ecosystem Services with Spatially-Managed Groundwater
âą
0 gefĂ€llt mirâą94 views
This document summarizes research on optimizing economic returns and ecosystem services from farm landscapes reliant on groundwater irrigation. The research used models to determine: 1) Maximum economic returns and levels of groundwater, water quality, and greenhouse gas reduction services. 2) Crop mixes that balance returns and each service along "efficiency frontiers". 3) Financial values for points on the frontiers, finding reservoirs increased returns up to 10% for the same ecosystem service value. 4) Conservation policies to boost services had varying costs, with some generating social value gains up to 30% more than single objectives.
Empfohlen
Empfohlen
Weitere Àhnliche Inhalte
Was ist angesagt?
Andere mochten auch
Andere mochten auch (20)
Ăhnlich wie Aligning Farm Returns and Ecosystem Services with Spatially-Managed Groundwater
Ăhnlich wie Aligning Farm Returns and Ecosystem Services with Spatially-Managed Groundwater (20)
Mehr von Soil and Water Conservation Society
Mehr von Soil and Water Conservation Society (20)
KĂŒrzlich hochgeladen
KĂŒrzlich hochgeladen (20)
Aligning Farm Returns and Ecosystem Services with Spatially-Managed Groundwater
- 1. Aligning Economic Returns and Ecosystem Services for a Spatially Delineated Farm Landscape Reliant on Groundwater for Irrigation Kent Kovacs, Kuatbay Bektemirov 71st SWCS International Annual Conference July 24â27, 2016 Louisville, KY
- 2. Introduction What are the possibilities of achieving important ecosystem service objectives while also generating reasonable economic returns? Optimization determines: âą economic returns for the landscape given the crop (rice, soybeans, corn, etc.) and irrigation choices âą groundwater supply, surface water purification, and GHG reductions âą maximum economic returns for a given value of the ecosystem service(s) provided
- 7. _ _( 1) _ m i t i t ik k t ik AQ AQ p GW nrïïœ ï ï«ï„ âą Aquifer stock _ _ _j ij t i t i t j wd L GW RWïŁ ï«ï„ âą Water balance _ _ 0ij t ij j j L Lïœï„ ï„ âą Land balance Dynamics of land and water use
- 8. Economic returns objective Profit w/o irrigation costs Reservoir construction cost Reservoir water pumping cost Ground water pumping cost ïš ï©_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , , 1 1 1 max : ij t i t i t T m n r rw t j ij j ij t iR t i t i t i t L RW GW t i j pr y ca L c L c RW GC GWï€ ïœ ïœ ïœ ï ï ï ï ïŠ ï¶ ï§ ï· ïš ïž ï„ ï„ï„
- 9. Ecosystem service objectives âą Greenhouse gas reductions âą Surface water purification âą Groundwater supply from the landscape ïš ï©ïš ï©_ _ _, , _ _ 1 max : ij t i t i tL RW GW T m c t c i t i ti t V p S Eï€ ïœ ïœ ïï„ ï„ ïš ï© _ _ _, , _ _ 1 1 _ max : ij t i t i tL RW GW i t i tT i k w t k k t k i t i k EX EX V hh wtpq EX ï€ ï« ï ïœ ï ïŠ ï¶ïŠ ï¶ï ï§ ï·ï§ ï· ïœ ï§ ï·ï§ ï· ï§ ï·ï§ ï· ïš ïžïš ïž ï„ ï„ ï„ ï„ ïš ï©ïš ï©_ _ _, , _ 1 _ 1 max : ij t i t i tL RW GW T m g t bv i t i ti t V p AQ AQï€ ï« ïœ ïœ ïï„ ï„
- 10. Efficiency frontiers âą Optimize the ecosystem services objective without restriction on economic returns. Optimize economic returns objective without restriction on ecosystem services. âą Maximize economic returns for given ecosystem service values to find combinations that rest on the efficiency frontier.
- 11. Results Outline ⹠Ecosystem service and economic return values for points along frontiers ⹠Crop mix patterns along frontiers that show the tradeoff of economic returns and⊠- All ecosystem services - Groundwater supply value - Water purification value - Greenhouse gas reduction value ⹠Present value (PV) of ecosystem services and economic returns for select points along frontiers using⊠- All ecosystem services - Groundwater supply value - Water purification value - Greenhouse gas reduction value ⹠Economic costs resulting from conservation policies that increase ecosystem services for the landscape with reservoirs
- 12. Ecosystem service and economic return values for points along efficiency frontiers Without reservoirs With reservoirs Frontiers Present value of Frontiers Present value of economic returns ecosystem services economic returns ecosystem services A 1649 1532 F 1649 1532 B 2768 1000 G 3021 1000 C 3021 819 H 3322 819 D 3322 567 I 3656 567 E 4559 -2345 J 4757 -2206
- 13. Crop mix patterns along frontiers that tradeoff all ecosystem services With reservoirs Without reservoirs
- 14. PV of ecosystem services for frontiers using all ecosystem service value Ecosystem services Without reservoirs With reservoirs A C E F H J Water purification 32 21 -1 32 19 -2 Groundwater supply 60 27 -68 60 41 -56 Greenhouse gases 1439 771 -2276 1439 760 -2147 Total ecosystem services 1532 819 -2345 1532 819 -2206
- 15. PV of economic returns for frontiers using all ecosystem service value Land cover Without reservoirs With reservoirs A C E F H J Rice 0 0 769 0 0 932 Irrigated soybeans 0 121 674 0 21 698 Non-irrigated crop 0 543 625 0 477 587 Corn 0 1300 1940 0 1953 2081 Cotton 0 54 430 0 21 439 CRP 1649 1003 121 1649 851 20 Total economic returns 1649 3021 4559 1649 3322 4757
- 16. Crop mix patterns along frontiers that tradeoff groundwater supply value With reservoirs Without reservoirs
- 17. PV of ecosystem services for frontiers optimizing groundwater buffer value â620 â672 50 2 885 813 50 22 â700 â500 â300 â100 100 300 500 700 900 Total ecosystem services Greenhouse gases Groundwater supply Water purification m$ Without reservoirs L With reservoirs Q â1178 â1167 â10 0 â450 â442 â10 2 â1200 â1000 â800 â600 â400 â200 0 Total ecosystem services Greenhouse gases Groundwater supply Water purification m$ Without reservoirs N With reservoirs S
- 18. PV of economic returns for frontiers optimizing groundwater buffer value 4169 23 386 1952 817 290 702 4638 25 437 2079 646 634 816 2539 1058 16 521 945 0 0 4118 360 423 1959 937 315 125 -50 450 950 1450 1950 2450 2950 3450 3950 4450 Total economic returns CRP Cotton Corn Non-irrigated crop Irrigated soybeans Rice m$ Without reservoirs N Without reservoirs L With reservoirs S With reservoirs Q
- 19. Crop mix patterns along frontiers that tradeoff water purification value With reservoirs Without reservoirs
- 20. PV of ecosystem services for frontiers optimizing water purification value Ecosystem services Without reservoirs With reservoirs V W X AA BB CC Greenhouse gases -1506 -1671 -1858 -1340 -1509 -1697 Groundwater supply -45 -51 -57 -32 -37 -43 Water purification 25 23 19 25 23 19 Total ecosystem services -1526 -1699 -1895 -1348 -1524 -1720
- 21. PV of economic returns for frontiers optimizing water purification value Land cover Without reservoirs With reservoirs V W X AA BB CC Rice 739 746 758 887 904 924 Irrigated soybeans 547 587 625 556 601 635 Non-irrigated crop 347 377 440 319 362 419 Corn 1574 1685 1778 1675 1788 1898 Cotton 233 265 311 228 260 307 CRP 518 443 348 438 346 246 Total economic returns 3957 4102 4260 4102 4260 4429
- 22. Crop mix patterns along frontiers that tradeoff greenhouse gas reduction value With reservoirs Without reservoirs
- 23. PV of ecosystem services for frontiers optimizing greenhouse gases value 518 478 28 11 516 478 25 13 â50 50 150 250 350 450 550 Total ecosystem services Greenhouse gases Groundwater supply Water purification m$ Without reservoirs HH With reservoirs MM 1276 1200 49 28 1269 1200 41 28 â50 150 350 550 750 950 1150 Total ecosystem services Greenhouse gases Groundwater supply Water purification m$ Without reservoirs FF With reservoirs KK
- 24. PV of economic returns for frontiers optimizing greenhouse gases value 2456 1354 15 1087 0 0 0 3708 628 134 2076 604 266 0 2319 1386 15 853 63 2 0 2961 796 374 0 907 856 28 -50 450 950 1450 1950 2450 2950 3450 Total economic returns CRP Cotton Corn Non-irrigated crop Irrigated soybeans Rice m$ Without reservoirs HH Without reservoirs FF With reservoirs MM With reservoirs KK
- 25. Economic costs of conservation policies that increase ecosystem services for the landscape with reservoirs 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Economic cost per dollar of ecosystem service value gained ($) Conservation policies Costâshare reservoir construction costs Tax on groundâ water Total maximum daily load Carbon credits
- 26. Conclusions ï¶ Conjunctive water management increases economic returns up to 10% for any given value of ecosystem services. ï¶ A compromise among economic return and ecosystem service objectives usually generates more social value up to 21% without reservoirs and 30% with reservoirs than directing the landscape exclusively to one objective. ï¶ All conservation policies increase social value but some do so at greater economic cost.