The document discusses climate change impacts on fisheries and aquaculture. It notes that climate change affects these industries through ocean acidification, changes in sea temperatures and currents, and more extreme weather events. These changes impact fish populations and habitats, causing shifts in distribution and productivity. They also affect fishing and aquaculture operations through changes in costs, productivity and safety. The impacts vary regionally, with tropical areas expected to see larger declines in fish catch potential than temperate regions. Adaptation strategies are needed to help these industries adjust to the changes.

1. Climate change:
Impacts,Vulnerability,
Adaptation & Mitigation

2. Climate
it is the long-term
average of weather,
typically averaged
over a period of 30
years.
Weather
It is the short-term
changes we see in
temperature ,clouds ,
precipitation, humidity
and wind in a region.
Climate change
it refers to any long term
change in the earths
climate or in the climate of
a region or city.

3. What is causing the Earth’s climate to change?
Anthropogenic
action
Natural
causes Melting of permafrost
releases tons of
trapped GHGs which
further speeds up the
melting process
eject CO2 and ash into the
atmosphere.
The sun’s solar energy
output is changing and
naturally increases Earth’s
average temperature by
about 1 ºC every century
The black carbon ,soot
particles in smoke and
smog contribute to
global warming.
1.Relese of CO2 during
the deforestation
2.Reduction in capture
of CO2 by plants
Farming constitute 40%
of methane and 20% of
global CO2 emissions
green house gas
emissions

5. “ The health of our planet as well as our own
health and future food security all hinge on
how we treat the blue world”.
FAO DIRECTOR-GENERAL JOSÉ GRAZIANO DA SILVA

7. 20.5 kg
World per capita
fish supply reached
in 2018
US$ 164 Billion
For SIDS,
contribution of ocean
resources to
nutrition, livelihood
and development are
significantly
important.
96.4 MT
Total global capture
fisheries
production in 2018
and 95% of capture
comes from
developing
countries
Women account for
14% of total people
engaged in primary
sector and 50% of
people in post
harvest sector.
4.3 Billion
Half of world’s
population depend
on fish for over
15% of their protein
690 Million
10% world population
Global fish trade
valued in 2018 and
developing
counties taking on
60% of traded
volume
Significance of fisheries to local livelihood and food & nutritional security
Source. SOFIA 2020
SOFI 2020
Suffering from
chronic hunger and
vast majority living
in developing
countries

8. selenium
Vit. D
Protein
Omega -3
fatty acids
Calcium
Vit B12
Iodine
Zinc
Iron
Vitamin A
Key nutrients in seafood:
Long chain Omega -3
Fats
Iodine
Vitamin D
Iron
Calcium ,zinc and
other minerals

9. Observed and predicted changes
in the ocean
Ocean
currents
ENSO
Sea level rise
Rainfall
River flows
Lake levels
Thermal
structure
Storm severity
Storm
frequency
Acidification
Salinity
Temperature
How the ocean is changing?
GHGs increasing
by
anthropogenic
action
Green house
effect increasing
the temp. of
earth
Ocean surface
temperature is
increasing
Thermal
stratification
Ocean
circulation
affected
Change in ocean
current pattern
Storm severity
O2 decreasing
(hypoxic
condition)
precipitation
Changes in
upwelling pattern
Primary
productivity
decreases
Melting of
glaciers
Sea level rise
El- Nino Southern
oscillation is an irregular
periodic variation in winds
and sea surface
temperatures over the
tropical eastern pacific
ocean

10. CHEMICALANDPHYSICALDRIVERSOFCHANGEINOCEAN
CHEMICAL
• Salinity
• Oxygen content
• Carbon uptake
• Acidification
PHYSICAL
• Temperature
• Sea level
• Ocean circulation
• Storm systems
ocean store more than 50 times more CO2 than atmosphere the increased uptake
of CO2 increases formation of carbonic acid and subsequent acidification of sea
water
salinity contain implications for oceanic circulation and stratification and therefore
the ocean’s capacity to store heat and carbon and circulate nutrients
O2 is the key determinant in distribution and abundance of marine organisms
and also regulate wind systems and subsequent ventilation of ocean systems
The global mean upper ocean temperature (0–700 metres) has evidently and
with certainty increased during the past three decades. A direct consequence
of the relative intensification of the ocean surface warming is the increased
thermal stratification of the upper ocean by 4 percent (between 0–200 metres)
from 1971 to 2010 with Strong regional variability in implications.
The global mean sea level has risen by 1.7 mm/year (1901–2010). The sea level
of the western Pacific is rising three times faster than the global mean sea level.
Changes in sea level can be subject to strong annual and/or decadal
fluctuations. Sea level is predicted to further rise due to thermal expansion and
melting glaciers.
Most of the phenomena like primary production, coastal upwelling ,ocean
ventilation and biogeochemical cycling are particularly driven by ocean
circulation and storms are also important agent for water column mixing. The
frequency of cyclones has also increased since 1970.

11. PhysicalandChemicalChangesinInlandSystems
Global mean
precipitation is
predicted to increase
with strong regional
variations.
The Middle East and
North Africa region,
southern Europe, the
Mediterranean,
central Europe,
central and southern
North America,
Central America,
northeast Brazil, and
southern Africa are
projected to
experience
decreasing
precipitation levels
and droughts.
Precipitation is
expected to increase
elsewhere, notably at
high northern
latitudes and in India
and parts of central
Asia. Where
precipitation
increases, floods are
a likely consequence
in the future.
Rising global
temperatures are
very likely to reduce
oxygen levels and
stratification
dynamics of
freshwater systems.

12. Biophysical
changes from
GHG
accumulation Production and
ecology
Fishing ,
aquaculture and
post harvest
operations
Communities
and livelihoods
Wider society
and economy
Areas affected
Impacts
Species composition
Production and yield,
Distribution and seasonality,
Disease and other disruptions
Coral bleaching and calcification
Safety end security,
Efficiency and costs,
Infrastructure security.
Loss and damages to assets,
Risks to life and health,
Livelihood strategies,
Vulnerability and confidence
Displacement and conflict
Cost of migration and adoption,
Social and market impacts,
Water and other resources
Pathways of climate change impacts in fisheries and
aquaculture

13. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE
 Climate change will affect fisheries and aquaculture via acidification, changes in sea temperatures and
circulation patterns, the frequency and severity of extreme events, and sea-level rise and associated
ecological changes.
 Both direct and indirect impacts include impacts on targeted populations’ range and productivity, habitats
and food webs as well as impacts on fishery and aquaculture costs and productivity and fishing community
livelihoods and safety (Daw et al., 2009; Badjeck et al., 2010).
 In response to ocean warming and increased stratification, open ocean nutrient cycles are being perturbed
and there is observed changes in biogeography of organisms ranging from phytoplankton to marine
mammals, consequently changing community composition, and in some cases, altering interactions
between organisms
 Fish feeding, migration and breeding behavior will be directly affected and changes in their physical
environments will indirectly affect growth, mortality and reproduction (Brander, 2010). In addition, the species
and ecosystems that fish rely on will be affected with uncertain impacts on fishery catch potential. Fish
species will probably shift their distributions as warmer-water species and colder-water species are both
expected to move polewards (Beare et al., 2004a, 2004b).

14. Coastal areas with coral reefs are particularly vulnerable to changes in temperature and acidity, with
serious food security concerns for countries that rely on these resources for food and coastal
protection.
Inland aquaculture may provide an important animal protein source in the future. However, it will be
affected by changing temperatures, water scarcity and salinization of coastal waters. Inland fishery
productivity will also be affected by increased water temperatures, variability in water availability,
eutrophication, stratification, and toxicity of pollutants.
In addition, reduced habitat quality and availability of dissolved oxygen will affect productivity and
the nutritional value of aquatic products.
Tropical and subtropical areas will experience more reduced ecosystem productivity than temperate
and polar ecosystems, with impacts on fishery catch potential in the exclusive economic zones
(EEZs) of those countries .
 Some new opportunities and environments may be created with sea-level rise. New habitats may
open up as polar ice melts (Easterling et al., 2007), and flooded coastal agricultural land may
provide new areas for mangroves and aquaculture opportunities.
New fisheries may become available as fish populations shift geographic distributions, and some
ocean areas may experience increased productivity, which could increase the catch potential of
some fisheries .
Contd..

15. Model predictions of catch potentials indicate that tropical countries are likely to experience large decreases in catch potential within
their exclusive economic zones in 45 years, while some countries (e.g. Norway and Iceland) will see an increase. This is due to fish
moving away from warmer waters and ice melt opening up new areas. Temperate countries do not see as extreme a decline in catch
potential as, although species are moving away, new species are moving into those areas.

16. BiologicalsystemsUnderCLIMATECHANGE
The combination of sea surface warming, the spread of hypoxic zones and decreasing pH values is contributing
to a variety of changes in biological systems, such as the reduction in body size of individual animals, the shifting
of the bio geographies of whole stocks, which are influencing species abundance and composition, trophic
linkages and interaction dynamics.
Schematic diagram of expected responses to climate change in a marine food web

17.  shifts in biogeographical ranges referred as a “simple mode of adaptation”. On the contrary, where
species acclimatize to rising temperatures, reduced oxygen availability and lowered pH levels in their
traditional habitat, refers to “evolutionary adaptation”.
Active marine animals (e.g. fishes and crustaceans) tend to have high O2 demands and are thus often
excluded from permanently hypoxic zones. However, temporary adaptation of, for example, bigeye tuna
to reduced O2 conditions has been observed and hypoxia-adapted lifeforms (e.g. Humboldt squid) are
likely to benefit from expanding oxygen minimum zones .
the removal of large-bodied fish species through fishing often undermines clear attribution of food web
responses to climate change . The relatively low evolutionary adaptive capacity of aquatic species to
climate change is predicted to shift the biogeographies of many species, with tremendous implications
for capture fisheries during the next decades and beyond.

18. Examples of climate change impacts on fish and other aquatic
ecosystems
Fig. the same coral community (A) before and (B) after a bleaching
event in February 2002 at 5 m depth, Halfway Island, Great Barrier
Reef.
More than 40 per cent of the kelp and algal beds have
disappeared since the 1990s, a phenomenon known in
Japan as isoyake. Tropical species including rabbitfish
and parrotfish appear to be mainly responsible.
Kelp forest, southern
Japan

20. Regional variability of climate change impacts in
fisheries and aquaculture
Observed and predicted implications for corals, fish and shellfish in 6
major ocean systems
More than 80 percent of the global marine fisheries catch is associated with three ocean subregions:
High Latitude Spring Bloom Systems (HLSBSs);
Coastal Boundary Systems (CBSs)
Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystems (EBUEs)
High certainty is expressed that species and ecosystems are responding to climate change in all
oceanic subregions . These responses include “marine organisms moving to higher latitudes, consistent
with warming trends , with fish and zooplankton migrating at the fastest rates, particularly in HLSBS
regions” .

21. 1. High – Latitude Spring bloom system (HLSBS)
1A –HLSBS-North
1B – HLSBS- South
2. Equatorial upwelling system (EUS)
3. Semi Enclosed Seas (SES)
4. Coastal boundary system (CBS)
5. Eastern Boundary upwelling Ecosystem (EBWE)
6. Subtropical gyres (STG)
7. Deep Sea (DS; >1000m)

22. 1. High – Latitude Spring bloom system (HLSBS)
•It includes North Atlantic, North Pacific and Southern
Hemisphere
• the North Atlantic has experienced a northward expansion of
plankton, invertebrate and fish communities. Overall, the North
Atlantic is predicted to experience an increase in total fish
biomass owing to the poleward expansion of stocks from low-
and mid-latitude regions.
• the North Pacific does not show any significant overall warming
trends. In spite of decadal fluctuations, pelagic fish species such
as yellowtail and Spanish mackerel were observed to shift
poleward, and these two species are predicted to “shift 39–71
km poleward from the 2000s to the 2030s”.
• HLSBSs will most likely experience increasing fish and
invertebrate biomass because of the northward expansion of
fauna.

23. 2. Equatorial Upwelling Systems (EUSs)
The largest EUSs are found in the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
 EUSs experience strong natural annual and decadal variability, most prominently due to El Niño and
La Niña events . The average sea temperature associated with the Pacific EUSs has increased
significantly by 0.43 °C and 0.54 °C from 1950 to 2009 in the Pacific and Atlantic EUSs, respectively,
and is associated with negative effects on corals (bleaching), kelps and organisms dependent on these
ecosystems.
The changes in carbonate chemistry will negatively affect some marine calcifiers even though certain
calcifying species in EUSs are used to low aragonite and calcite saturation states and thus might be
able to adapt .
Over a vast region of the Eastern Pacific – ranging from the Republic of Chile to the Aleutian Islands –
sporadic upwelling of low O2 waters is well documented resulting in hypoxic zones, which is the major
driver behind reduced growth maximum body weight of individual animals. The predicted upwelling of
low O2 water and the subsequent spread of hypoxic zones will very likely trigger mortality events of
coastal fish communities, oyster hatcheries and populations, and invertebrates.
Projections suggest that fish in the EUSs, especially small pelagic species, will experience increased
vulnerability linked to lower O2 availability owing to the predicted spatial expansion of the subtropical
gyre in the Pacific.

24. 3. Semi-enclosed seas (SESs)
•Arabian Gulf, Red Sea, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Baltic Sea:
•Risks to ecosystems in SESs are linked to continuous stratification, rising temperatures, changes
in pH values, reduced O2 concentration, and subsequent effects on corals, primary production
and larger commercially valuable fish stocks.
•Even though corals in the Arabian Gulf are used to high temperatures, this subregion has
recorded high levels of coral bleaching and subsequent reductions in coral-associated
invertebrates . At the same time, the abundance of herbivores and planktivorous fish has
increased .
•In the Red Sea, long-term monitoring of the coral community structure has revealed an overall
decrease in community size. However, in the Northern Red Sea, coral communities were found
that appear to benefit from the warming, suggesting they have lived in suboptimal conditions
previously .
• The Black Sea is particularly affected by non-climatic stressors in addition to climate impacts,
and has experienced expanding hypoxic zones, declining levels of primary production and
collapsing fish stocks.
•The temperature increase in the Baltic Sea is among the highest in all SESs and has – in
combination with decreased salinity levels and overfishing – important negative implications for
commercially important species such as cod . Increasing temperatures, algal bloom changes in
the diversity of zooplankton and the “tropicalization” of the fauna have been observed in the
Mediterranean.

25. 4.Coastal Boundary Systems (CBS)
This system include The Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, South China
Sea, Southeast Asian Seas, Arabian Gulf and Somali Current, East Africa Coast
and the Republic of Madagascar, and Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Current.
 CBSs include the marginal seas of the northwest Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic
Oceans and comprise 10.6 percent of primary production and 28 percent of global
fisheries production .
 CBSs are often strongly affected by activities such as overexploitation of fisheries, pollution and
unsustainable coastal development. These human drivers interact with incrementally increasing ocean
temperatures and acidification and have caused substantial changes to several ecosystems in the CBS.
 Medium confidence is expressed by IPCC AR5 that “northward shifts in catch distribution for some
pelagic fish species in Korean waters were driven, in part, by warming SST, the frequency of harmful algal
blooms and blooms of the giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai in the offshore area of the CBS have
increased and have been associated with ocean warming and other factors such as eutrophication”,.
and that it is “very likely that coral-dominated reef ecosystems within the CBS will continue to decline and
will consequently provide significantly less ecosystem goods and services for coastal communities if sea
temperatures increase by more than 1°C above current temperatures” .In addition to direct climatic
drivers, concerns are rising that climate change could cause the spread of pathogens with potential
impacts on wild fish.

26. 5. Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystems (EBUEs)
This system includes Canary Current, Benguela Current, California
Current and Humboldt Current: The EBUEs comprise less than 2
percent of the ocean area but contribute about 7 percent of global marine
primary production.
IPCC AR5 notes that EBUEs are vulnerable to changes in sea surface
temperature, O2 concentration, wind strength and direction, stratification
and carbonate chemistry, but that the extent of vulnerability will depend on
local contexts (i.e., their location and on factors such as nutrient runoff
and uncontrolled fishing pressure)
Catches are dominated by planktivorous sardine, anchovy, horse and jack
mackerel and piscivorous fish such as hake.
It has been observed that the California Current and Canary Current have warmed by 0.73 oC and 0.53 oC,
respectively, while no significant trends in surface temperatures have been observed for the Benguela and Humboldt
Currents.
Changing temperatures in the Canary Current is observed to result in changes to important fisheries species and
Mauritanian waters, for example, “waters have become more suitable as feeding and spawning areas for some fisheries
species (e.g., Sardinella aurita) as temperatures increased”
Seasonal upwelling of acidified water onto the continental shelf in the California Current region has already affected
oyster hatcheries along the coast of Washington and Oregon

27. 6. Subtropical gyres (STGs)
•Pacific Ocean Subtropical Gyre, Indian Ocean
Subtropical Gyre and Atlantic Ocean Subtropical Gyre:
•The STG areas represent one of the largest (and most
unproductive) water habitats on earth, contributing solely 8.3
percent of the global fish catch.
•Temperatures within the STGs of the North Atlantic, South
Atlantic, North Pacific, South Pacific, and Indian Oceans have
increased from 1998 to 2010 . The increasing temperature
has caused thermal expansion with severe implications for
several small island nations located in the STGs.
•High confidence exists that decreased wind speed, increasing sea surface temperature and
stratification are predicted to reduce the vertical transport of nutrients and, hence, likely reduce the rate
of primary productivity and, thus, fisheries .

28. Contd…
•Evidence exists that the North and South Pacific STGs have expanded in size since 1993 .
•The AR5 states that “changes in sea temperature also lead to changes in the distribution of
key pelagic fisheries such as skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin tuna (Thunnus
albacares), bigeye tuna (T. obesus) and South Pacific albacore tuna (T. alalunga)” .
•Habitats in the Pacific are further predicted “to contract for the blue whale, salmon shark,
loggerhead turtle, and blue and 15 mako sharks, yellowfin and skipjack tuna, while potential
habitats for the sooty shearwater, blackfooted albatross, leatherback turtle, white shark,
elephant seal, and albacore, bluefin and yellowfin tuna are predicted to expand”
•The AR5 expresses that certain large pelagic fish species will continue to move several
hundred miles east of where they are today in the Pacific in response to rising sea surface
temperature . Coral dominated ecosystems in the STGs are very likely to disappear by the
mid-part of the twenty-first century.

31. Specific impacts of climate change to food security
Availability of aquatic foods will vary through changes in
habitats ,stocks and species distribution
Stability of supply will be impacted by changes in
seasonality ,increased variance in ecosystem
productivity and increased supply variability and risks
Access to aquatic foods will be affected by changes in
livelihoods and catching or farming opportunities
Utilization of aquatic products will also be impacted
and,for example, some scientists and communities will
need to adjust to species not traditionally consumed

32. Vulnerability
It is the susceptibility of groups or
individuals to harm as a result of climatic
changes.
According to IPCC Vulnerability is a
function of the character,
magnitude, and rate of climate
change and variation to which a
system is exposed, the sensitivity
and adaptive capacity of that
system
Vulnerability is
‘the degree to which a system is
susceptible to and unable to cope with
adverse effects of climate change, including
climate variability and extremes’
Common approaches to
vulnerability assessment
Top- down approach
(start with an analysis of climate
change and its impacts)
Bottom down approach
(start with an analysis of the
people affected by climate change)

33. Steps
in
Vulnerability
assessment
V = Exposure + Sensitivity – Adaptive capacity

34. Contd..
Global mapping of national economies’ vulnerability to climate
change impacts through fisheries (Source: adapted from
Allison et al., 2009 and Daw et al., 2009)
• Fisheries and aquaculture activities have specific geographical, environmental and socioeconomic contexts that will each
have different and unique vulnerabilities.
• While climate change will impact fisheries and aquaculture as a whole, the individuals and groups with the highest levels of
poverty – especially small-scale fishers and fish farmers in developing countries – are almost invariably the ones who are
most vulnerable to climate change.
• Therefore, vulnerability assessments should give particular attention to those people and groups. For this reason, it is best
to identify and assess the different groups within the system – according to, for example, socioeconomic status, poverty
and food security, age and gender – in order to ensure that the most vulnerable are recognized and included in relevant
plans and policies.
This understanding of vulnerability is
commonly used in climate change
vulnerability assessments in the
fisheries and aquaculture sector to
identify practical adaptation options
to assist communities, countries and
regions in their efforts to reduce
vulnerability to climate change and
optimize opportunities.

35. Damage and losses from climate related impacts
onAgriculture, fisheries and aquaculture
17%
DAMAGE
31%
LOSSES
25%
DAMAGE AND LOSSES
Source: FAO (2015), based on PDNAs
Agriculture including fisheries
aquaculture
All other sectors

36. Major challenges to fishing communities posed by climate
change
Relocation of resources and
replacement with less
commercially valuable species
requires diversification of fishing
operations and markets
Increase in frequency and severity
of storms may affect infrastructure,
both at sea and on shore.
The impact of ocean acidification
may be locally significant ,for
example in activities dependant on
coral reefs.
Changes in timing of fish
spawning and recruitment will
need adjustments to
management interventions
In areas where production is
already limited by temperature
(e.g.) traditional productive areas
may be reduced. Dependant
communities will need to diversify
their livelihoods.

37. Mitigation and
Adaptation options

38. Approaches
and
strategies
Reducing the
amount of
CO2 and
other GHGs
prepare society
for the impacts
associated with
climate change
via adaptation
How effective mitigation and adaptation activities are depend on the temporal and spatial scale of
impacts and action goals, and the context of the activity. Not every activity will be applicable in every
place and time, so success requires consideration of how activities are tailored to the local context and
how they are implemented.
Mitigation measures
Adaptation measures

39. Mitigation options

41. In 2012, the estimated global emission of carbon dioxide by fishing vessels, both marine and inland,
was 172.3 mega tonnes, which was about 0.5 percent of total global emissions that year. The
aquaculture industry, including the emissions involved in capturing fish for feed, was estimated to
have led to the emission of 385 mega tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2010. (FAO, 2018a)
Overall the energy use of protein production per unit mass of fish is
comparable to chicken, but is much less than that of other land
based systems such as pork and beef. Fisheries and aquaculture
are therefore only minor contributors to emissions.
Greenhouse gases contributions

44. Summary of Mitigation procedures in fisheries sector

45. Other Mitigation measures

46. 2. Cultivation of sea plants
•Sea plants are excellent carbon sequestration agents and many of them sequester at a rate better than their
terrestrial counterparts (Zon, 2005).
•Mass cultivation of these plants will help reducing the CO2 concentration from seawater.
•These plants can be used as human food, cattle food, fertilizer, and are rich source of agar and algin, which
form the basis of confectionary and pharmaceutical industries.
• Mass cultivation will effectively sequester carbon, augment supply of raw materials to the food and
pharmaceutical industries and provide employment to the coastal population.
Biodiesel is a clean burning alternative fuel for diesel engines. Biofuels come from agricultural crops such as
soy, jatropha and jajoba.
 Considering the current debate about agricultural land being used to produce biofuels, the marine algae may
be a potential alternative fuel source.
 The production of biodiesel complements ethanol as an alternate renewable fuel.
The process will also produce byproduct for animal feed stock. Products from Spirulina can be used for human
consumption.
3. Biofuel from algae

47. Adaptation options

48. Adaptation
Autonomous
adaptation(spontaneo
us reaction to climate change)
changing the timing or
locations of fishing as
species arrive earlier/later
or shift to new areas.
Planned
adaptation (planned
action based on climate induced
changes
research funding for
finding species
resistant to salinity and
temperature
fluctuations for
aquaculture
Coping is a
short-term
response to
an impact
Adaptation activities may be addressing short- or long term impacts, although coping can sometimes be
confused with adaptation.

49. Adaptation in fisheries and aquaculture can
include a variety of policy and governance
actions, specific technical support or
community capacity building activities that
address multiple sectors, not just capture
fisheries or aquaculture farmers.
• A “no regrets” approach relies on
building general resilience without a
heavy reliance on specific climate
impact projections.
• It is useful in areas with high impact
uncertainty, which include many
equatorial areas and developing
countries. 6 priority
action areas
for climate
change
adaptation by
FAO
Development and
Application of data
and knowledge for
impact assessment
and adaptation
Support and
improvement of
governance for
climate change
adaptation
Building of
livelihood
resilience to
climate change
Targeted
approaches for
conservation
and sustainable
management of
biodiversity
Identification,
support and
application of
innovative
technologies
Improved disaster
risk management
Trade- off

50. Adaptation toolbox by FAO

51. Utilizing the tool box

52. To advance global adaptation efforts,
the Paris Agreement calls on all
countries to prepare and implement
National Adaptation Plans (NAPs).
NAPs enable countries to identify their
medium- and long-term adaptation needs
and to develop and implement strategies
and programmes to address those needs.
NAPs are an important element in the identification and prioritization of
adaptation priorities for countries, and will inform Nationally
Determined Contributions (NDCs). The mainstreaming of fisheries and
aquaculture issues in national adaptation processes is improving, but
often remains incomplete and superficial.
•The downscaling of the formulation and implementation of an
adaptation plan that recognizes, integrates and addresses concerns
specific to fisheries and aquaculture will lead to greater resilience for
the sector and the communities it supports in the face of climate and
other environmental threats.
•In addition to sector-specific adaptation plans, it is also
important for the fisheries and aquaculture sector to
take part in a broader adaptation planning process, as
there can be synergies and trade-offs across sectors .
In response to a call by the Least Developed Countries Expert Group (LEG) of the UNFCCC, inviting international actors to ‘come
forward in drafting supplementary materials to the NAP Technical Guidelines’, FAO prepared supplementary guidelines addressing
fisheries and aquaculture in NAPs. The supplementary guidelines will support fisheries and aquaculture institutions, enabling
adaptation planning within the sector and helping national climate change planners and decision-makers to understand sector-specific
vulnerabilities and priorities for adaptation as part of the national development and adaptation system.

53. The LMEs are
1. Bay of Bengal Countries
2. South China Sea Countries
3. Gulf of Thailand Countries
4. Sulu-Celebes Sea Countries
5. Pacific Islands Countries
6. Humboldt Current Countries
7. Gulf of Mexico Countries
8. Mediterranean Sea Countries
9. Guinea Current Countries
10. Somali Current Countries
11. Agulhas Current Countries
12. Indian Ocean Islands Countries
These are activities that have been implemented or are in the process of implementation, and they
are organized by large marine ecosystem (LME).
Climate change impacts are indicated by the following symbols
Examples of adaptation activity

54. 34. Bay of Bengal Countries
36. South China Sea Countries
35. Gulf of Thailand Countries
37. Sulu-Celebes Sea Countries
WPWP- Pacific Islands Countries
13. Humboldt Current Countries
5. Gulf of Mexico Countries
26. Mediterranean Sea Countries
28. Guinea Current Countries
31. Somali Current Countries
30. Agulhas Current Countries
Indian Ocean Islands Countries
(seychells)
Figure. Large marine ecosystems with its numbers

55. 1.BAYOFBENGALCOUNTRIES
Fencing a pond for flood management in Bangladesh
Cage aquaculture in Kulekhani Reservoir, Nepal
Bangladesh
In coastal areas, one project
administered by Caritas in
Bangladesh focused on
enhancing the coping and
adaptive capacities of coastal
communities .
Selected project activities
included:
1. Pond excavation and land
shaping
2. introduction to locally
available fish species
3.individual loan support
For flood friendly fisheries in
coastal areas that are flooded
4-5 months of the year.
1.small scale homestead pens
2.trap pond management
Nepal
With growing populations and
climate change impacts on
water, dams are one method
to provide energy and water
reservoirs, although with other
social and environmental
costs.
Cage aquaculture. Cage
aquaculture using plankton-
feeding fish (e.g. bighead and
silver carp) was introduced in
the reservoir. There was no
need for external inputs as the
fish feed on naturally
occurring plankton
Multicountry
The AquaClimate project
includes India, Viet Nam, Sri
Lanka, and the Philippines and
focuses on increasing adaptive
capacity of small-scale
aquaculture through assessment
of adaptive capacity, perceptions
and an evaluation of potential
adaptation options and proposed
guidelines
1. Participatory assessment of
fish farmer vulnerabilities
2. Aquaculture practice
recommendations
3. Training workshops and
publications

56. 2.SOUTHCHINASEACOUNTRIES
Viet Nam
A project focused on mud
crab farming to address rural
food security involved
improving local capacity to
farm mud crabs and provide
support for transitioning away
from shrimp farming.
1. Extension and hatchery
capabilities strengthened
2. Technology and methods
adapted and transferred to
local conditions and species.
3. integrated resource
management planning
4. salinity – tolerant rice
varieties and rich fish
cultivation
China
An inland project in China promotes a traditional farming technique to
increase production and reduce environmental degradation
Rice–fish farming system.
The traditional farming system involves fish (and sometimes ducks)
raised in rice paddies. They provide pest control and fertilization,
reducing the need for external inputs (and costs), increasing profitability
and reducing environmental impacts
Dong rice fish farming system in China

57. 3.GULFOFTHAILANDCOUNTRIES
Multicountry
In the Gulf of Thailand, the Mekong River Commission is part of the Climate Change and Adaptation Initiative
(CCAI). This initiative is a collaborative effort between Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic,
Thailand and Viet Nam to develop and share adaptation strategies. There is an emphasis on applying efforts at
priority sites while also integrating planning with other efforts at local, national and basin-wide scales.
Demonstration sites. The CCAI is choosing demonstration sites to pilot activities based on local knowledge in
the four member countries. Adaptive management and scaling up of activities will be emphasized.
Awareness raising. Key climate change messages are communicated via posters, cartoons and grassroots
comics in riparian languages. In addition, the CCAI provides support for adaptation plan development to each
member country, such as learning-exchange visits, mentoring, and training manuals.
Another lower Mekong capacity building project is the “sister river” project. The Lower Mekong is partnered
with the Mississippi River in the United States of America to share lessons learned, planning efforts and technical
capacities focused primarily on floodplain management and basin development .Although not directly related to
fisheries or aquaculture, both rivers provide important fisheries and livelihoods for thousands both along the river
and in the marine environments that these rivers drain into.

58. 4.SULU-CELEBESSEACOUNTRIES
Multicountry
• A multicounty, multiple LME project is focused on building capacity in the Asia-Pacific region
for those involved in MPAs to create, conduct and implement monitoring programmes in MPAs .
•Protected areas are one method to set aside part of the marine environment and provide
marine species and habitats with opportunities to recover from human impacts.
MPA monitoring training:
•Participants who already had some familiarity with marine environments, MPAs and scuba
were trained on marine species identification, monitoring techniques and protocols.
•Baseline information for marine areas, especially in developing countries and remote locations,
is often sparse. Having at least some data points will permit future decision-makers to make
more informed choices and is vital for assessing an area’s vulnerability.
•The training increased technical capacity for participants, and this training and the training
handbook creates the potential for participants to create and implement programme in their
own setting and further train others. This could result in further education for and employment
in MPAs.
EU project on ocean governance to
restore reefs in sulu sea

59. 5.PACIFICISLANDSCOUNTRIES
Fiji
One village identified coastal
erosion and developed both
short and long-term adaptation
strategies.
Coastal protection:
• Construction of groynes to
protect shorelines (short term).
• mangrove plantation along
foreshore, with the community
involved in planting and also
groyne construction (longterm).
• The Vessel Day Scheme
for Pacific tuna is an
agreement between 9
countries to limit the number
of vessel days for tuna
fishing and constrain large
catches of Pacific tuna.
• Tuna currently respond to El
Niño Southern Oscillation
(ENSO) events, with catch
distributions shifting east or
west during El Niño or La
Niña events.
Multicountry/Palau
• The Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change
(PACC) project involves 14 countries: the
Cook Islands, Fiji, the Marshall Islands,
Micronesia (Federated States of), Nauru,
Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa,
Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu
and Vanuatu to aid implementation of long-
term adaptation strategies to increase
resilience.
• only one project in Palau is also targeting
aquaculture ,monitoring programmes in
aquaculture are being developed, and improved
clam and crab farming techniques will be
implemented. This increases food security and
provides some additional income (SPREP, 2012)
Aquaculture in Palau

60. Peru
In a project focused on coastal community risk, an
alternative insurance scheme is part of an on going project
to support adaptation (GlobalAgRisk, 2012).
Innovative insurance scheme
• Farmers in the coastal region are able to purchase an
insurance that uses index-based instruments based on the
occurrence of previously established climate data
parameters proven to predict damaging events rather than
measurement of actual damage (e.g. rise in sea surface
temperatures near Peru, which are correlated with El Niño
onset).
•Although not directly related to fisheries or aquaculture,
fishing and aquaculture sectors share many similarities
with agriculture in terms of profit vulnerability to climate
variability.
6. HUMBOLDT CURRENT COUNTRIES

61. 7. GULF OF MEXICO COUNTRIES
Mexico
Coastal wetlands are important habitats and at risk from development and climate change impacts. Mexico has
chosen 4 coastal wetland areas for a coastal adaptation project (Zuleta, 2012).
Coastal restoration and rehabilitation
• To maintain ecosystem functioning and provide habitats for aquatic species, Native vegetation will be used to
restore and rehabilitate biological corridors within the wetland and around the lagoon.
• Sandbars protecting the lagoon will be strengthened.
Wetland conservation management strategy
• strategy includes updating land zoning regulations and enhancing local area governance. This will build local
capacity as well as continue benefits from ecosystem services provided by the wetland (e.g. erosion buffering, water
filtration, potential carbon sequestration).
•In addition, since 2006 the Ministry of the Marine has been producing specialized weather forecasts for
(a) fishers (coast to 10 nautical miles, twice daily),
(b)navigators (coast to 200 nautical miles, once daily)
(c)coastal populations (coast to 10 km inland, once daily) (SEMARNAT, 2007).
promote safety and
permit planning for both
those at sea and coastal
infrastructure such as
marinas and processing
facilities.

62. Egypt
Integrated Coastal Zone Management project (GEF, 2009a) Includes sea-level rise considerations into coastal zone
management in the lower Nile delta is part of the Adaptation to Climate Change. Selected project activities include:
8. MEDITERRANEAN SEA COUNTRIES
 To maintain ecosystem functioning and productivity in coastal
lagoons, this approach includes “soft” shore protection measures
(innovative bank stabilization and habitat restoration techniques).
 Pilot adaptation sites were chosen for project implementation with
participation from local villagers and fishers. These potentially
include marsh plantings, beach nourishment and strategically placed
structural organic materials (e.g. oyster reefs).
 The living shorelines provide space for ecosystem functioning to
continue as hard defences are removed and “soft” defences are
constructed in coastal areas.
 “Hard” defences often disrupt natural processes, affecting habitats
and fisheries, while living shorelines permit natural ecosystem
processes. This project is part of a larger integrated coastal zone
management plan that includes local participation and long-term
climate change adaptation, building local capacity to adapt.
A living shorelines approach
Beach grasses planted to prevent
erosion
Sea walls

63. 9. GUINEA CURRENT COUNTRIES
Guinea
Guinea is currently implementing the Increasing Resilience and
Adaptation to Adverse Impacts of Climate Change in Guinea’s
Vulnerable Coastal Zones project (GEF, 2009b). Selected project
activities include:
• Solar salt production techniques.
Alternative production techniques for solar salt production to reduce
mangrove clearing in coastal areas. In addition to preventing further
mangrove clearing, this provides livelihood alternatives in an area with
heavy reliance on rice cultivation, which is vulnerable to rising sea level
and saltwater intrusion.
• Oyster-growing technique dissemination.
Training is given to the farmers for growing oysters on the roots of
mangroves. This reduces mangrove clearing and provides additional
incomes and livelihood opportunities.

64. 10.SOMALICURRENTCOUNTRIES
Kenya
In coastal Kenyan communities, the project is working for Livelihood Sustainability
through Raising Community Capacity by the use participatory planning and
management of coastal fisheries resource utilization and conservation.
Strengthen local community-driven institutions.
• Institutions responsible for fisheries management (e.g. beach management units and
collaborative fisheries management areas) are strengthened via increased
understanding of resources and impacts.
• Co-management has led to fishery management implementation, including reduction
in destructive fishing practices, increased trust in management authorities, self-
policing of the fishery. Formal co-management has increased national funding for
fisheries management at the local level.
Participatory fisheries data collection
Local fishers collect data, and these are used to inform management and policies.
Both local data collection and strengthened local institutions have increased local
capacity for management and understanding. Locals have already noticed potential
climate change impacts, and this activity contributes to sustainable and adaptive
management of the fishery, increasing management resilience and local adaptive
capacity.
United Republic of Tanzania
• The project Adaptation Strategies and
Challenges Associated with Climate
and Ecological Changes to the Lake
Victoria Community in Tanzania aims
to implement sustainable adaptation
alternatives in the fishing
communities of the Lake Victoria
region to bolster food and income-
generation activities.
• Initial assessments and consultations
with district-level government officials
revealed current adaptation and
coping measures. Building on these,
sustainable methods to cope with fish
shortages and fish farming
techniques were introduced to
address food security in addition to
new groundwater sources and
irrigation schemes (Unitar, 2009).

65. Mozambique
• In Mozambique’s coastal zone, an ongoing project is providing
financing for local communities to transition to climate-resilient
higher-income livelihoods (UNDP, 2011).
• Start-up support.
Financial Support will be provided for development in local
communities which will be used to assist people to transition to
alternative livelihoods. This will help develop local markets and the
linkages between locally produced aquatic and other goods and other
markets.
• Training in agricultural and fishing practices
Training in practices that are viable in high climate variability
scenarios will be provided.This will lead to more resilient food
production practices, which increase community resilience, especially
when combined with new linkages to markets for additional income
and diversification opportunities.
11. AGULHAS CURRENT COUNTRIES
Lake Malawi
• Around Lake Malawi, actions addressing post-harvest
loss have been introduced in the form of smoking
kilns to dry fish.
• As climate change reduces the quantity and quality
of fish harvested from the lake, reducing postharvest
loss increases in importance. In addition to reducing
these losses, the smoking kilns also reduce
deforestation and improve water quality, improving
habitat quality for aquatic species and removing an
additional stressor for fish (Jamu, 2011).

66. Seychelles
•In a small island developing State, coastal flooding and water scarcity are two climate
change concerns addressed by an ongoing project. The project goal is to contribute
to sustainable development overall in Seychelles, using ecosystem-based adaptation
to climate change (Adaptation Fund, 2011).
Ecosystem-based climate change adaptation.
• To address coastal flooding from an ecosystem approach, coastal erosion will be
addressed via active mangrove management and restoration, sand dune
rehabilitation using native species, wetland restoration and alien species removal and
agricultural land reclamation, and construction and rehabilitation of fringing coral
reefs.
•These habitats will provide important coastal habitats, reduce erosion and maintain
other ecosystem services important to Seychelles.
Local management.
•A local-level coordinating body will be established to oversee vulnerability
assessments, implementation and monitoring of adaptation activities. Local capacity
will be built via this coordinating body and associated training for participation in this
group.
12. INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS COUNTRIES

67. Adaptation activities that can be applied in fisheries and aquaculture context
 Reduce external stressors on natural systems
 Identify and protect valuable areas
 Investments in safer harbours and landings
 improved early warning and forecasting systems
 Promote disaster risk management
 Mainstreaming
 Capacity building.
 Financial mechanisms
 Recognition of opportunities
 Learning from the past
 Identification of useful information
 Link local, national and regional policies and programmes.
 Spatial planning
 Monitoring.
 Policy and management considerations
 Safety at sea
 Ghost fishing
 International trade
SUMMARY OF ADAPTATION
ACTIVITIES

68. 1. Shelton, C. 2014. Climate change adaptation in fisheries and aquaculture – compilation of initial
examples. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1088. Rome, FAO. 34 pp.
2. Bindoff, N.L., W.W.L. Cheung, J.G. Kairo, J. Arístegui, V.A. Guinder, R. Hallberg, N. Hilmi, N. Jiao, M.S.
Karim, L. Levin, S. O’Donoghue, S.R. Purca Cuicapusa, B. Rinkevich, T. Suga, A. Tagliabue, and P.
Williamson, 2019: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities. In: IPCC
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Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J.
Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. In press.
3. IPCC, 2019: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate [H.-O. Pörtner,
D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M.
Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. In press.
4. FAO. 2016. Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture: Summary of the findings of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report, by Anika Seggel and Cassandra
De Young. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1122. Rome, Italy
References

69. 5. FAO. 2019. FAO’s work on climate change – Fisheries & aquaculture. Rome
6. IOC-UNESCO and UNEP (2016). Large Marine Ecosystems: Status and Trends, Summary for Policy
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7. Previous submissions
8. Newspaper Articles
9. Google images