LLB

1. INTRODUCTION TO
INTERNET(UNIT 5)
BY:SURBHI SAROHA

2. SYLLABUS
Introduction to Internet
Meaning of Internet
Growth of Internet
Owner of Internet
Anatomy of Internet
Basic Internet Terminology
Net Etiquette
World Wide Web
Internet Protocols
Usage of Internet to society
Search Engines

3. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET
Internet is a group of computer systems connected from all around
the world.
The Internet protocol suite is a framework defined through the
Internet standards.
Methods are divided right into a layered set of protocols on this
architecture.
The Internet gives a huge variety of statistics and communique
offerings, which includes forums, databases, email, and hypertext.
It is made of the neighborhood to global personal, public networks
connected through plenty of digital, wireless, and networking
technologies.
The Internet is a worldwide interconnected network of hundreds of

4. MEANING OF INTERNET
Internet is a global network that connects billions of computers
across the world with each other and to the World Wide Web.
It uses standard internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to connect billions of
computer users worldwide.
It is set up by using cables such as optical fibers and other wireless
and networking technologies.
At present, internet is the fastest mean of sending or exchanging
information and data between computers across the world.
It is believed that the internet was developed by "Defense Advanced
Projects Agency" (DARPA) department of the United States. And, it
was first connected in 1969.

5. GROWTH OF INTERNET
The internet has influenced many areas of our lives.
It started as something that would change the way we use computers, then
went on to impact communication, research, sales, entertainment, and
countless other aspects.
With it comes new technology and terminology that has become part of our
everyday language, including email addresses, websites, apps, and
downloads.
The internet and the web have changed the world we live in, and in turn, it
has continued to develop and advance.
Many look at the web as an expanding unfinished project.
There are plenty of different directions it could head in, and several
stakeholders are interested in helping to steer or control its path.
As a tool for communication and profit, it’s essential to recognize where the
web started and where it could go next.

6. HISTORY OF THE INTERNET
The Internet began as a research project in the 1960s. There were
many pioneers in research, science, and technology that paved the
way.
The concept of a ‘galactic network’ of computers was put into
practice by the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
(ARPANET) when they created a prototype that sent the first message
from a computer at UCLA to one in Stanford University in 1969.
In the 1970s, protocols were developed, including Transmission
Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP and IP), which might
sound familiar.
They were used by ARPANET in the 80s to extend the network, and so
the internet was born.

7. CONT….
However, it wasn’t until the 1990s that it took on the form that we
have come to know today.
In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee described the concept of the Web, a way of
accessing data through websites.
Later, search engines and the first websites appeared.
The code for the World Wide Web was published using the internet,
and through input and collaboration, it began to take shape.

8. OWNER OF INTERNET
No one owns the internet
No company or government can claim ownership of it.
The internet is more of a concept than an actual tangible entity, and it
relies on a physical infrastructure that connects networks to other
networks.
The concept is similar to being a room full of people who all speak
different languages.
The network was operated by the National Informatics Centre. The
first publicly available internet service in India was launched by state-
owned Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) on 15 August 1995.

9. ANATOMY OF INTERNET
The Internet is a vast collection of computers linked by cable and
satellites, not controlled by any one authority, but all operating under
common network protocols.
The term 'Internet' includes both the hardware (satellites, cable,
routing devices and computers) and the software (programs and
network protocols) that enable computers to communicate with each
other.
When information is sent across the Internet, the Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP: the networking-language computers use when
communicating over the Internet) first breaks the information up into
packets of data. The client computer sends those packets to the local
network, Internet service provider (ISP), or online service. From here,
the packets travel through many levels of networks, computers, and
communications lines until they reach their final destinations.

10. BASIC INTERNET TERMINOLOGY
Hubs, which link groups of computers together and let them
intercommunicate through multiple ports.
Bridges, which link local area networks (LANs) with each another.
Gateways, which act like bridges, but also convey data between
dissimilar networks.
Repeaters, which amplify the data at intervals so that the signal
doesn't weaken.
Routers, which ensure packets of data arrive at their proper
destination across different technologies, media, and frame formats.
Servers, which deliver web pages and other services as requested.
Client computers, which make the initial request for Internet services,
and run applications to handle those services.
Cables and/or satellite communications, which make the hardware
connections.

11. CONT…
Domain Name - A method of identifying computer addresses. Your e-
mail address has a domain address. If you have an "edu" at the end of
your e-mail address that means your account is affiliated with an
educational institution. A "com" extension means you have a business
account. A government account has a .gov suffix.
Firewall - The name "firewall" derives from the term for a barrier that
prevents fires from spreading. A computer "firewall" is a barrier
between your computer and the outside world. Just like a fire is most
likely to
spread through open doors in a building, your computer is most
vulnerable at its ports (the doors). Without ports you could not go on
the Internet or let Internet traffic enter your computer.

12. NET ETIQUETTE
Netiquette is a made-up word from the words net and etiquette.
Netiquette thus describes the rules of conduct for respectful and
appropriate communication on the internet. Netiquette is often
referred to as etiquette for the internet. These are not legally binding
rules, but recommended rules of etiquette.
Netiquette represents the importance of proper manners and
behavior online. In general, netiquette is the set of professional and
social etiquettes practiced and advocated in electronic
communication over any computer network.
Common guidelines include being courteous and precise, and
avoiding cyber-bullying. Netiquette also dictates that users should
obey copyright laws and avoid overusing emotions.

13. NET ETIQUETTE
Make sure identification is clear in all communications. Begin with a salutation (“Hi,
Jason!”) and end with your signature (“Hannah Kay, Criminology 101”).
Review what you wrote and try to interpret it objectively. When we speak face to face and
are misunderstood, we have an on-the-spot opportunity to rephrase our words. In
writing, we must strive twice as hard to be understood, as we do not have the benefit of
modifying or elaborating in real time. All caps (“I’M SHOUTING”) and exclamation points
(“Give me a break!!!”) can be misinterpreted as intense anger or humor without the
appropriate context.
If you wouldn’t say it face to face, don’t say it online. When you’re working online, you’re
safe behind a screen, but that’s no excuse to be ill-mannered or say things you would
never say in public.
Don’t assume everyone understands where you’re coming from. Sarcasm and wit is often
the spice of in-person conversation, but in online discussion, it can not only lose its edge,
it can bite! In your high school classroom, all students were the same age, came from
similar backgrounds and lived in the same area. In contrast, your online classroom is
made up of people of all ages and cultures who have varied backgrounds, lifestyles and
geographic locations. With this in mind, review what you wrote before contributing to the
conversation and ask yourself, “Will everyone get the joke?”
Don’t spam. Please don’t take advantage of your connection with the other students in
your online classroom to forward emails and links regarding your political/spiritual beliefs
or to sell your services.

14. CONT….
Use emoticons. In casual chatroom settings, emoticons can help convey
feelings that may otherwise get lost in translation, including humor,
exasperation, exhaustion and even confusion.
Respect others’ privacy. Don’t give out another student’s personal email
address without permission.
Remember, if it’s on the internet, it’s everywhere. Don’t share personal
information about yourself in a public online forum, especially something
that could put your safety or security at risk.
Follow the rules. Just as your online college posts guidelines related
to academic integrity and student expectations, online forums also have
rules of conduct. Make a point to read them every time, as they can vary
from class to class.
Forgive and forget. If you’re offended by something another student says
online, keep in mind that you may have misunderstood their intentions. Give
them the benefit of the doubt.

15. WORLD WIDE WEB
World Wide Web, which is also known as a Web, is a collection of
websites or web pages stored in web servers and connected to local
computers through the internet.
These websites contain text pages, digital images, audios, videos,
etc.
Users can access the content of these sites from any part of the world
over the internet using their devices such as computers, laptops, cell
phones, etc.
The WWW, along with internet, enables the retrieval and display of
text and media to your device.

16. CONT…..
The building blocks of the Web are web pages which are formatted in
HTML and connected by links called "hypertext" or hyperlinks and
accessed by HTTP.
These links are electronic connections that link related pieces of
information so that users can access the desired information quickly.
Hypertext offers the advantage to select a word or phrase from text
and thus to access other pages that provide additional information
related to that word or phrase.

17. CONT….
A web page is given an online address called a Uniform Resource
Locator (URL).
A particular collection of web pages that belong to a specific URL is
called a website, e.g., www.facebook.com, www.google.com, etc.
So, the World Wide Web is like a huge electronic book whose pages
are stored on multiple servers across the world.
Small websites store all of their WebPages on a single server, but big
websites or organizations place their WebPages on different servers
in different countries so that when users of a country search their site
they could get the information quickly from the nearest server.

18. CONT….
So, the web provides a communication platform for users to retrieve
and exchange information over the internet.
Unlike a book, where we move from one page to another in a
sequence, on World Wide Web we follow a web of hypertext links to
visit a web page and from that web page to move to other web pages.
You need a browser, which is installed on your computer, to access
the Web.

19. INTERNET PROTOCOLS
The Internet Protocols are of different types having different uses:-
1. TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol): These
are a set of standard rules that allows different types of computers to
communicate with each other. The IP protocol ensures that each
computer that is connected to the Internet is having a specific serial
number called the IP address. TCP specifies how data is exchanged
over the internet and how it should be broken into IP packets. It also
makes sure that the packets have information about the source of the
message data, the destination of the message data, the sequence in
which the message data should be re-assembled, and checks if the
message has been sent correctly to the specific destination. The TCP
is also known as a connection-oriented protocol.

20. CONT……
The functionality of TCP/IP is divided into 4 layers with each one
having specific protocols:
Application Layer: The application layer makes sure that the data
from the sending end is received in a format that is acceptable and
supported at the receiving end.
Transport Layer: The transport layer is responsible for the smooth
transmission of data from one end to the other. It is also responsible
for reliable connectivity, error recovery, and flow control of the data.
Internet Layer: This Internet Layer moves packets from source to
destination by connecting independent networks.
Network Access Layer: The Network Access Layer sees how a
computer connects to a network.

21. CONT….
2. SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): These protocols are important
for sending and distributing outgoing emails. This protocol uses the
header of the mail to get the email id of the receiver and enters the
mail into the queue of outgoing mails. And as soon as, it delivers the
mail to the receiving email id, it removes the email from the outgoing
list. The message or the electronic mail may consider of text, video,
image etc. It helps in setting up of some communication server rules.
3. PPP(Point to Point Protocol): It is a communication protocol that is
used to create a direct connection between two communicating
devices. This protocol defines the rules using which two devices will
authenticate with each other and exchange information with each
other. For example, A user connects his PC to the server of an
Internet Service Provider also uses PPP. Similarly, for connecting two
routers for direct communication it uses PPP.

22. CONT….
4. FTP (File Transfer Protocol): This protocol is used for transferring
files from one system to the other. This works on a client-server
model. When a machine requests for file transfer from another
machine, the FTO sets up a connection between the two and
authenticates each other using their ID and Password. And, the
desired file transfer takes place between the machines.
5. SFTP(Secure File Transfer Protocol): SFTP which is also known as
SSH FTP refers to File Transfer Protocol (FTP) over Secure Shell (SSH)
as it encrypts both commands and data while in transmission. SFTP
acts as an extension to SSH and encrypts files and data then sends
them over a secure shell data stream. This protocol is used to
remotely connect to other systems while executing commands from
the command line.

23. CONT….
6. HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): This protocol is used to
transfer hypertexts over the internet and it is defined by the
www(world wide web) for information transfer. This protocol defines
how the information needs to be formatted and transmitted. And, it
also defines the various actions the web browsers should take in
response to the calls made to access a particular web page.
Whenever a user opens their web browser, the user will indirectly use
HTTP as this is the protocol that is being used to share text, images,
and other multimedia files on the World Wide Web.
Note: Hypertext refers to the special format of the text that can
contain links to other texts.

24. CONT….
7. HTTPS(HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure): HTTPS is an extension of the
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). It is used for secure communication over
a computer network with the SSL/TLS protocol for encryption and
authentication. So, generally, a website has an HTTP protocol but if the
website is such that it receives some sensitive information such as credit
card details, debit card details, OTP, etc then it requires an SSL certificate
installed to make the website more secure. So, before entering any sensitive
information on a website, we should check if the link is HTTPS or not. If it is
not HTTPS then it may not be secure enough to enter sensitive information.
8. TELNET(Terminal Network): TELNET is a standard TCP/IP protocol used for
virtual terminal service given by ISO. This enables one local machine to
connect with another. The computer which is being connected is called a
remote computer and which is connecting is called the local computer.
TELNET operation lets us display anything being performed on the remote
computer in the local computer. This operates on the client/server principle.
The local computer uses the telnet client program whereas the remote
computer uses the telnet server program.

25. USAGE OF INTERNET TO SOCIETY
The Internet is a global networking system that can be used on most devices
nowadays and has become an essential part of our lives. In today's
technological era, most of the companies are getting their operations done
over the Internet. There are various uses of the Internet by which companies
and individuals are making their daily tasks more productive and more
comfortable.
Online Booking & Orders
The Internet has made it a lot easier for people to book tickets for buses,
trains, flights (domestic and international) directly using their devices from
anywhere. People can also book a taxi by choosing their current location,
and they will be picked up or dropped at a specified location. Now no one
needs to wait in long queues for their turn to book tickets at the ticket
counter.
Besides, people can order a wide variety of products at home using the
Internet and devices. It can range from grocery products to ready to eat,
fashionable clothes to medicines. Most items can be ordered at home and
received directly at the door.

26. CONT….
Cashless Transactions
Most countries are promoting cashless transactions and digital
payments. This helps people not carry much cash. People can pay
their bills through debit or credit cards using POS devices. These
devices are connected to the payment gateway on the Internet.
Besides, People can also use their smartphone and the Internet for
processing transactions on UPI (Unified Payment Interface). It does
not even require them to carry their cards. The UPI payment method
is continuously evolving and is expected to cover most transactions in
the near future.

27. CONT….
Education
Most of the devices nowadays are connected through the Internet.
The Internet has the availability of broad educational content on any
topic with different types. People can study the relevant topic just by
spending a couple of minutes over the Internet. Internet Search
engines help people quickly find the relevant study material in
multiple formats (such as images, videos, documents, etc.). This
helps eliminate the need to go to the library to read several books to
find the desired information.
Besides, the Internet has also enabled students to participate in their
classes through video conferencing, where students can connect with
their teachers or professionals anywhere in the world.

28. CONT….
Online Banking & Trading
The way of banking has changed after the introduction of the
Internet. The Internet has made banking online where people can
manage their bank accounts while sitting at home or traveling
abroad. Nowadays, most of the features of banking are right in
people's hands. With the help of online banking, people can securely
transfer the money from one account to another, change
their ATM pins, apply for the physical or virtual credit cards, update
credit card limits, enable or disable international transactions, track
their transactions, and many more. Also, they can even raise an
online complaint or contact to bank's support staff.
Apart from this, the Internet has made it a lot easier for people to
trade in the Stock market from anywhere. People can easily buy, sell,
or manage stocks online.

29. CONT…..
Research
The Internet is playing a significant role in the field of research.
Before the use of the Internet, it was quite hard to look for
information about anything. People had to go through hundreds of
books for references to find the desired information. However, the
Internet has made it a lot easier, and anyone can find the required
information at some clicks only. In research, people can study about
the success and failed research and work further for the
improvements. Uses of the Internet in research have incredibly
beneficial for the researchers.

30. CONT….
Electronic Mail
Email or electronic mail is one of the first significant uses of the
Internet. The email has enabled faster communication between
people on the Internet. Using email, people can quickly share
information, data files, such as images, audio, video, and other types
of files. The use of email has significantly reduced paper use, which
was the primary source of communication in the olden days. Anyone
can have a free email address and can easily communicate with
others. This has also reduced the load on the physical mail system,
although it is still in use.

31. CONT….
Entertainment
The Internet is the most effective means of entertainment. There are
various options available on the Internet, which people can try, such
as watching movies, playing online games, listening to songs, etc.
The Internet has also made it easy for people to download
entertainment items to their local storage. Using the Internet, people
can also share their videos, songs, pictures online with others. Also,
nowadays, people can watch live TV or sports on the Internet.

32. SEARCH ENGINES
A search engine is a software program that helps people find the
information they are looking for online using keywords or phrases.
Search engines are able to return results quickly—even with millions
of websites online—by scanning the Internet continuously and
indexing every page they find.
When a user enters a search term, the search engine looks at the
website page titles, contents and keywords it has indexed and uses
algorithms (step-by-step operations) to produce a list of sites—with
the most relevant websites at the top of the list.
Companies use search engine optimization (SEO) to help search
engines recognize their websites as highly relevant to particular
searches. Popular search engines include Google, Bing and Yahoo.

33. THANK YOU 