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3. I. INTRODUCTION
Resource plays a vital role in the teaching-learning process. In education the
meaning of resource is any device, object or machine used by a teacher to clarify
or enliven a subject. It can also be viewed as material and equipment used in
teaching learning process. There are so many aspects of word “resource”. At some
place, it is taken as a source of supply and support or aid that can be readily drawn
upon. This word is also used as to refer to a capability or determination to persevere
and in the context of classrooms, resources can be defined as physical demonstration
aids, learners’ contextual understandings, teacher subject expertise, and structured
organization of materials, ideas and activities. Learning is a complex activity that
involves interplay of students’ motivation, physical facilities, teaching resources, and
skills of teaching and curriculum demands. Availability of TLR therefore enhances
the effectiveness of schools as they are the basic resources that bring about good
academic performance in the students. The necessary resources that should be
available for teaching and learning include material resources, human resource such as
teachers and support staff and, physical facilities such as laboratories, libraries and
classrooms. TLR help improve access and educational outcomes since students are
less likely to be absent from schools that provide interesting, meaningful and relevant
experiences to them. The contribution of teaching and learning resources to the
teaching process is manifold, and their use makes the process more attractive,
interesting and modern, and, most importantly, it aids the teacher in the organization
and quality of conducting the said process, whilst aiding the students in the processes
of enhancing their intellectual and emotional capacities.
4. CONTENT
I. Language Lab:-
Using language is a skill. A skill has to be mastered through practice and drill.
Language has to be heard, practiced and corrected. To acquire the sensitivity for the
sounds and rhythm of a language, one has to hear the best samples of the spoken
language. The practice sessions to acquire the skill of using second language
effectively are not possible in a natural atmosphere. To provide it is precisely the
function of a language laboratory. Language Laboratories originated in the USA, and
gained popularity in UK in the 1960's . Now they are widely used in L2 learning. It is a
self learning device. It is a class room in which students learning a foreign language
practice sounds and sentence patterns individually under supervision aid of audio
equipment. Usually twenty students are accommodated in a language laboratory.
A language laboratory is arranged to make foreign language learning more
effective. It helps the students to learn pronunciation and aids self examination and
self correction . Emphasis is on listening and speaking : reading and writing are left to
be developed later . They aim at correct pronunciation , intonation and accent and also
the use of words , structures and idioms correctly . Individual differences are taken
into account . They afford hearing native language and to practice it . Materials are
carefully produced by experts and are recorded for learners ' practice . A language
laboratory is equipped with electronic devices to aid second language acquisition . In
the earlier periods tape recorders, cassettes , amplifiers , headphones and microphones
were used in language laboratory . Now - a - days language laboratories are set in
computer rooms.
5. a . Components of a Language Laboratory.
A language laboratory has three sections : the hearing booths known as cubicles , the
instructor's booth known as console and the control room .
i. The Hearing booth ( cubicle )
It has normally 16-20 booths with seats and tables for learners . A telephone connects
the adviser's booth . Ear phones and switches are provided . The learner can contact
the instructor , play and hear the learner's expressions , wind or rewind as the learner
wishes . The booths are set up in such a way that the learners working in one booth
will not disturb the learners in the neighbouring booths . Each student has a sound
proof compartment called the cubicle . Each cubicle connected to the console is
provided with microphones , headphones and recorder . In the console , the teacher
selects language teaching programme according to the level of the student . This
programme is received by every student in the cubicle . They can hear the sound
through the headphone and see the movements of each speech organ , on the monitor
while articulating the sound . The learners produce the same sound and practice it t
perfection is gained . They will receive directions from the console and can respond to
the teacher accordingly using microphone without disturbing others . They can record
their sound , hear it again , compare it with the original sound , identify the mistake .
rectify it and practice again . 378 In the booth the learner can record and play his own
speech as many times as he desires . He can compare his speech with the master tape /
CD and refine his speech step by step .
6. ii. The Console
The console is the instructor's room . It has master tapes and monitoring equipment for
two way communications. The teacher controls her students from the teach desk or
console. She can monitor every student and ensure personal attention from the console
without disturbing other students. It has:
1. distribution switches to direct the recorded programmes to the learners in the
booths. The master tapes contain the recorded programmes.
2. monitoring switches to enable the instructor to listen to the learners as they work
on tapes , to correct , advise and evaluate them
3. intercom switches for two way communication with an individual learner .
4. group call switch for inviting attention of all the learners who are listening to a
particular tape , for receiving general instructions .
5. all call switch for making announcements to the learners , regardless of the
programme .
iii. Control room
The Control room contains all the tapes , records and other equipment , properly
indexed for quick use .
b . Objectives of Language Laboratory:-
To enable one :
1. to practise and assess speech in a language
2. to listen to model pronunciation , repeat and record the same , listen to his
performance and compare the same with the model and do self assessment and
correction .
7. 3. to learn at one's own pace . Communicative tasks giving practice in pronunciation ,
Intonation , stress , etc. can be given for practice . Programmes on these types of
exercises are available at BBC World English , CIEFL Hyderabad , LINGUAPHONE
London .
c . Characteristics of Language Laboratory:-
Language Laboratory The learner can work at his own pace He can repeat his text any
number of times till he is satisfied with his speech He can select any material
according to his level , need or interest .
d . Language Laboratory Exercises:-
The Language Lab exercises are to be designed differently for each level of
instruction . While imparting instruction in the Language lab , individual differences
among the learners also have to be taken into account . The approaches to teaching ,
teaching methods and techniques also influence the techniques followed in the lab .
The sources can be borrowed as well as prepared by the teacher herself . The
following steps are suggested to carry out the activities of the language lab
systematically and effectively .
1. Identify the problem that needs lab practice
2. Choose the correct type of drill
3. Prepare the tape / CD script . tv .
4. Make the recording
5. Check the recording
6. Evaluate the activity .
8. e . Suggested list of items for Exercise:-
1. Phonetic drill- using minimal pairs
2. Practice in stress and intonation
3. Analogy drill
4. Substitution of vocabulary items
5. Question forms
6. Listening to native speeches and dialogues .
f . Merits of Language Laboratory:-
The language laboratory has a number of advantages . The student :
1. can grasp correct English pronunciation , through a lot of practice of the right
model.
2. can ' detect errors by himself or the instructor can point out the errors then and
there.
3. need not be in a hurry , he can learn at his own pace and repeat as many times as he
desires .
4. feels free and confident and he is not inhibited as others are not listening to him
5. gets more time for practice than he gets in his classroom.
6. gets exposure to native type of language which cannot be expected in the
classroom.
7. gets a lot of practice in spoken form which has priority over other skills .
8. becomes an active listener and speaker in the language lab.
9. can learn meaningfully.
10. are intrinsically motivated as learning occurs through play – way.
9. 11. can develop the skill of keen listening and speaking with correct pronunciation.
12. can practice every aspect of sound production .
g . Demerits of Language Laboratory:-
1. Development of reading and writing skills has no scope in the language laboratory
2. More than 20 students at a time cannot be accommodated in the language
laboratory
3. Competent native speaker's speeches are rarely available
4. In rural schools installation of language laboratory may be difficult being costly
5. Efficient teachers who can exploit the full possibilities of language laboratory are
rare .
The language labs are set up not only purely for English Language studies at school or
college levels , but also with the immediate aims of employability . The laboratory
will comprise of three divisions - English lab, Currier lab and Aptitude lab . The
English lab will have different sections for communicative skills . It will cover
language skills such as listening , speaking , reading and writing.
II. Interactive Whiteboard:-
An interactive whiteboard (IWB), also known as interactive board or smart board, is a
large interactive display board in the form factor of a whiteboard. It can either be a
standalone touchscreen computer used independently to perform tasks and operations,
or a connectable apparatus used as a touchpad to control computers from a projector.
They are used in a variety of settings, including classrooms at all levels of education,
10. in corporate board rooms and work groups, in training rooms for professional sports
coaching, in broadcasting studios, and others. The first interactive whiteboards were
designed and manufactured for use in the office. They were developed by PARC
around 1990. This board was used in small group meetings and round-tables.
Advantages of using IWB as follows:
Effective use of visual materials such as pictures, photographs and videos allows the
learners to understand the subject better, teaching speed and practicality. The teacher
is able to solve more questions by gaining time by reflecting the questions on the
board. This prevents loss of time. In addition, course notes and related information can
be stored in a computer environment and classified. In this way, the teacher can reach
the information he wants at any time. This makes it easier to repeat the subject. IWB
also contributes to the student's learning process. It drives students to multi-faceted
thinking and opens the student's horizons. They are cleaner than other boards. They
don't smell dust and smell.
Disadvantages of using IWB as follows:
During the use of the IWB, the teachers are experiencing some technical problems
arising from software errors, program versions, calibration settings, system, hardware,
playing board, lack of technological infrastructure, lack of equipment. Electrical
failures are also one of the most important problems. Technical problems and power
interruption cause a very serious loss of time, causing the teacher's classroom
authority to weaken from time to time. The IWB is able to adapt the student to be
lazy, causing habits such as notes, writing, and drawing to diminish. Lessons are
monotonous from time to time and the student is passivated in class. Infecting
11. computers with viruses, corruption and disappearance of the board is also a problem.
The IWB makes the teacher dependent on the screen, limiting the movement area of
the teacher. The preparatory phase of the course takes a long time and the teachers
who use the prepared document are accustomed to laziness. In addition, excessive
light and radiation threaten the health of teachers and students.
III. Internet:-
The use of internet for education helps to streamline the sharing of information and
communication. It lets students access lectures online and refer to relevant study
material in various multimedia formats. It also helps teachers by letting them use
various tools in their curriculum. Internet plays a very vital role in education. It is no
doubt that in this modern era everyone prefers Google for their queries, problems or
doubts. Popular search engines like Google, Yahoo, etc. are the topmost choice of
people as they offer an easy and instant reach to the vast amount of information in just
a few seconds. It contains a wealth of knowledge that can be searched at any time. The
internet has introduced improvements in technology, communication, and online
entertainment. Importance of internet in education to the students’ means that it makes
easier for them to research things, and relearn the content taught in the school. People
use it according to their needs and interests.
There are many benefits of the internet in the field of education. Some of these are:
1. Cost Effective and Affordable Education
One of the largest barriers to education is high cost. The Internet improves the quality
of education, which is one of the pillars of sustainable development of a nation. It
12. provides education through Videos (like youtube tutorial videos) and web tutorials
which is affordable to everyone and cost-effective.
2. Student – Teacher and Peer Interaction
The internet has allowed students to be in constant touch with their teachers or with
other fellow classmates with the help of social media, messaging apps and chat
forums. Parents can interact as well as communicate with teachers and school
authorities about their kid’s performance in the school. Interaction with the like
minded people on forums can help students to explore new ideas and enrich their
knowledge.
3. Effective Teaching and Learning Tool
The Internet has become a major tool for effective teaching as well as a learning tool.
Teachers can use it as a teaching tool by posting their teaching materials (notes and
videos) on school website or forum . The learning process becomes interesting and
diverse with the use of tutorial videos and notes. Teachers can teach with the use of
animation, powerpoint slides, and images to capture the students’ attention.
4. Easy Access to Quality Education
Students can easily access quality education materials like tutorial videos on youtube
for free or pay fees online for more quality study materials. Teachers can also make
use of the internet by proving the students with extra study material and resources
such as interactive lessons, educational quiz as well as tutorials. Teachers can record
their lectures and provide it to the students for revisions which is better than reading
from notes.
13. 5. Interaction with Digital Media
Regular use of digital media is one of the most basic parts of our lives. Digital bulletin
boards save paper, allow displaying of videos and audios to attract the attention of
students. Nowadays, there are many paid sites which provide education resources
which are rich in quality and easily understandable to masses.
6. Keeping you updated with Latest Information
Information is the biggest advantage which the internet is offering. There is a huge
amount of information available for every subject. It keeps us up to date with the latest
information regarding the subjects in which we are interested.
7. Learning with Multimedia
It helps the students with the learning learning process as it helps to simplify the
knowledge. Also, it helps to visualize what is being taught by the teachers in school. If
you want to prepare for final exams, you can access Video Tutorials and other
resources online through the Internet.
The Internet is a boon to the people, which is used all over the world. Hence, it should
be used for good purpose. It has had a great impact on imparting education to the
children. If this is used in appropriate ways that meet children’s development level,
they can benefit and learn from the Internet.
14. CONCLUSION
It is easy to obtain different teaching and learning resources which can be used
in the teaching process today. We are reminded of this fact primarily by the textbooks
brimming with various teaching and learning resources. However, a quality teaching
process is not determined by the usage of numerous modern teaching and learning
resources, but by a teacher’s success in using the aforementioned resources to
encourage the students to gain knowledge, profile different skills, and accept and
adopt positive values and attitudes. In order to achieve the potential tasks of teaching
and learning resources successfully, it is extremely important the teacher knowhow to
evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of said resources and abide by the rules of
their adequate usage. Although determining the stage of working with teaching and
learning resources can seem like unifying and uniforming the teaching process, this
paper presents them as necessary, bearing in mind the fact that teaching is a complex
and often unpredictable process which depends on numerous factors and whose
success is primarily ensured by settling the basic rules for all of its segments.
15. REFERENCE
Forsyth, I. (1996), Teaching and Learning Materials and the Internet (Creating
Success).London: Kogan Page.
DenBeste, M. (2003), Power Point, Technology and the Web: More Than Just
an Overhead Projector for the New Century? The History Teacher, 36(4), p.
491-504.
Nelson, K. J. (2008), Teaching in the Digital Age: Using the Internet to
Increase Student Engagement and Understanding. Thousand Oaks, California:
Corwin Press.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272575241_Effective_Use_of_Teach
ing_and_Learning_Resources
