Weitere รคhnliche Inhalte รhnlich wie Higher order differential equation (20) Mehr von Sooraj Maurya (13) Kรผrzlich hochgeladen (20) Higher order differential equation3. Content
โข Introduction
โข Stepsto solve Higher Order Differential Equation
โข Auxiliary Equation (A.E)
โข Complementary function (C.F.)
โข Particular Integral (P.I.)
โข Linear Differential eqn with Constantcoefficient
โข General Method
โข Shortcut Method
โข Method of UndeterminedCoefficient
โข Method of Variation Parameter (WronkianMethod)
โข Linear Differential eqn with Variablecoefficient
โข Cauchy-EulerMethod
โข LegendreโsMethod (Variablecoefficient)
4. Linear Differential Equation:-
It isintheformof,
๐
๐
๐
๐
๐โ๐ ๐ ๐
๐๐
๐ ๐ + ๐ ๐โ๐
๐
๐ ๐โ๐ +โฏ+ ๐ ๐
๐
๐
+ ๐ ๐ ๐ =๐น(๐)
๐
๐
๐
๐
๐โ๐ ๐ ๐
๐๐
๐ ๐ +(๐ฟ +๐ ๐โ๐)
๐
๐ ๐โ๐ +โฏ+(๐ฟ +๐ ๐)
๐
๐
+(๐ฟ +๐ ๐ ๐) = ๐น(๐)
constantcoefficient
Vairablecoefficient
5. Non-homogenous Linear D.E.
โข In this R.H.Sof D.E.is not zero/is having ๐(๐ฅ) i.e
๐
๐
๐
๐
๐ ๐
+๐ ๐โ๐ ๐
๐ ๐โ๐ ๐ ๐
๐ ๐
๐
๐โ๐ ๐
+โฏ+๐ ๐
๐
+๐ ๐ =๐(๐)
Example :-
๐2 ๐ฆ ๐๐ฆ
(1) ๐๐ฅ2 +9 ๐๐ฅ
+ ๐ฆ =cos ๐ฅ
(2) ๐ฆโฒโฒ +39๐ฆโฒ + ๐ฆ = ๐ ๐ฅ
(3) ๐ฆ4+ ๐ฆ3+3๐ฆ2โ9๐ฆ1=log ๐ฅ+sin ๐ฅcos ๐ฅ+๐ฅโ2
6. Non - Linear DifferentialEquation
โข The term homogenous and non homogenous have no
meaningfor nonlinearequation.
Examples:-
(1) ๐2 ๐ฆ
= ๐ฅ 1+
๐๐ฆ
๐๐ฅ2 ๐๐ฅ
2
3
2
(2) ๐2 ๐
+ ๐
sin ๐=0
๐๐ก2 ๐
7. StepstosolveLinear D.E.
-IdentifyAuxiliaryEquation(A.E.),Byputting
๐ ๐
๐ ๐ฅ ๐ ๐ ๐ฅ2
= ๐ท ๐ i.e. ๐2 ๐ฆ
= ๐ท2 ๐ฆ
- FindtherootsofA.E.byputtingD=minit andequatingwithitzero. i.e.A.E.=0
- Accordingorootsobtainedfind, ComplimentaryFunction (C.F.)=
๐ฆ๐
- Find Particular Integral(P.I.)= ๐ฆ๐,fromtheR.H.S.oflinear NonHomogenous
Equation.
- Findcompletesolution/ GeneralSolution(๐ฆ) =๐ฆ๐+๐ฆ๐
8. Auxiliary Equation(A.E.)
๐2 ๐ฆ ๐๐ฆ
(1) +2 + ๐ฆ =sin(๐ ๐ฅ)
๐๐ฅ2 ๐๐ฅ
๏ ๐ท2 ๐ฆ +2๐ท๐ฆ +๐ฆ =sin(๐ ๐ฅ)
๏ ๐ซ ๐ + ๐๐ซ + ๐ ๐ฆ =sin(๐ ๐ฅ)
A. E.
9. Formulae for FindingRoots
๏ง ๐2 ยฑ2๐๐ + ๐2 = ๐ ยฑ๐ 2
๏ง ๐3 + ๐3 +3๐๐ ๐ +๐
๏ง ๐3 โ ๐3 โ3๐๐ ๐ โ๐
= ๐3 + ๐3 +3๐2 ๐ + 3๐๐2 = ๐ + ๐ 3
= ๐3 โ ๐3 โ3๐2 ๐ + 3๐๐2 = ๐ โ ๐ 3
๏ง ๐2 โ๐2 = ๐ +๐ ๐ โ๐
๏ง ๐ ๐ + ๐ ๐ โ ๐ ๐ =โ๐ ๐
โ ๐ =ยฑ๐๐
๏ง ๐3 +๐3 = ๐ +๐ ๐2 โ ๐๐ +๐2
๏ง ๐3 โ ๐3 =(๐ โ ๐)(๐2 + ๐๐ +๐2)
10. ๏ง๐ ๐ โ๐ ๐ = ๐2 2 โ ๐2 2
โ = ๐2 โ๐2 ๐2+๐2
โ = ๐โ๐ ๐+ ๐(๐2 +๐2)
โข ๐ ๐ + ๐ ๐ = ๐4+ ๐4+2๐2 ๐2โ2๐2 ๐2 (FindMiddleTerm)
= ๐2 2 +2๐2 ๐2 + ๐2 2 โ 2๐2 ๐2
= ๐2 +๐2 2 โ 2 ๐๐
2
=(๐2 + ๐2 โ 2 ๐๐)(๐2 + ๐2 + 2๐๐)
If equationisinformof,๐จ๐ ๐ +๐ฉ๐ +๐ช then,๐ =โ๐ฉ ยฑ ๐ฉ ๐โ ๐๐จ๐ช
๐
๐จ
ORSeparatethemiddleterm(B๐ฅ) in suchwaythattheir addition or
substractionbethemultiple ofA&C.
11. Solved Example
(1)Find therootsof:- ๐๐โฒโฒ โ ๐โฒ โ ๐๐= ๐ ๐
๐ ๐ฅ2 ๐๐ฅ
๏ 3 ๐2 ๐ฆ
โ ๐๐ฆ
โ2๐ฆ =๐ ๐ฅ
๏
๏
3๐ +2 ๐ โ1 =0
3๐ +2=0 and
3๐ท2 ๐ฆ โ ๐ท๐ฆ โ2๐ฆ =๐ ๐ฅ
3๐ท2 โ ๐ท โ2 ๐ฆ = ๐ ๐ฅ
Let,A.E.=0 and put D= m
๏ 3๐2 โ ๐ โ2=0
๏ 3๐2 โ3๐ +2๐ โ2=0
๏ 3๐ ๐ โ1 +2 ๐ โ1 =0
๏
๏
๏ ๐ ๐ =โ ๐
๐
๐ โ1=0
and ๐ ๐ =๐
2ร3=6
2 3
-1 =-3 +2
12. (2) Find the rootsof : ๐ซ ๐ +
๐ ๐ ๐ =๐LetA.E.=0adputD=m
๏ ๐4 + ๐4 =0
๏ ๐2 2 +2๐2 ๐2 + ๐2 2 โ 2๐2 ๐2 =0
๏ ๐2 +๐2 2 โ 2๐๐
2
=0
๏(๐2 + ๐2 โ
๏๐2 + ๐2 โ
2 ๐๐)(๐2 + ๐2 +
2 ๐๐ =0 ๐2+๐2 + 2 ๐๐ =0
๏ ๐ =
2๐ยฑ 2๐2โ4๐2
2
๐2 =โ 2๐ยฑ 2๐2โ4๐2
21
๏ ๐ ๐ =
๐ ๐
๐
ยฑ ๐
๐
2 ๐๐) =0
and
and
and ๐ ๐ =โ๐
ยฑ ๐
๐
๐ ๐
13. ComplimentaryFunction
โข FromtherootsofA.E.,C.F.( ๐ฆ๐) ofD.E.is decided.C.F.is alwaysin termsof ๐ฆ๐=
๐ถ1 ๐ฆ1+๐ถ2 ๐ฆ2
- If therootsarereal&district(unequal),then
๐๐ = ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ + ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ +โฏ+ ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐
Example:- If roots are ๐1 =2& ๐2 =โ3then, ๐ฆ๐= ๐1 ๐2๐ฅ+ ๐2 ๐โ3๐ฅ
- Iftherootsarereal&equalthen,
๐๐ = ๐ ๐ + ๐ ๐ ๐ + ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ +โฏ ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐
Example:- If roots are ๐1 = ๐2 =โ3then, ๐ฆ๐=(๐1+ ๐2 ๐ฅ) ๐โ3๐ฅ
14. - If therootsarecomplexthen,i.e.rootsin theformof(๐ผยฑ๐ฝ๐)
๐๐ = ๐ ๐ถ๐(๐ ๐ ๐๐จ๐ฌ ๐ + ๐ ๐ ๐ฌ๐ข ๐ง ๐)
Example:-
1
(1) If rootsis ๐ =2
ยฑ 3๐then, ๐ฆ = ๐
1
๐ฅ
๐ cos 3๐ฅ+๐ sin 3๐ฅ
๐ 2 1 2
(2) If root is ๐ =ยฑ3๐then, ๐ฆ๐ = ๐0๐ฅ ๐1cos3๐ฅ+ ๐2sin3๐ฅ
= ๐1cos3๐ฅ+ ๐2sin3๐ฅ
- If therootsarecomplex&repeatedthen,
๐๐ = ๐ ๐ถ๐ ๐ ๐ + ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ + ๐ ๐ + ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐๐ ๐ ๐
- If therootsarecomplex&realboththen,
๐๐ = ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ + ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ + ๐ ๐ถ๐ (๐ ๐ ๐๐จ๐ฌ ๐ + ๐ ๐ ๐ฌ๐ข ๐ง ๐)
16. MethodsforFindingParticular Integral
โข Linear Differential eqn with Constant coefficient
โข General Method
โข Shortcut Method
โข Method of UndeterminedCoefficient
โข Method of Variation Parameter (WronkianMethod)
โข Linear Differential eqn with Variablecoefficient
โข Cauchy-Euler Method
โข Legendreโs Method (Variable coefficient)
18. Solve by using general method:-
(1) ๐ท2 +3๐ท +2 ๐ฆ =๐ ๐ ๐ฅ
(2) ๐ท2 +1 ๐ฆ =sec2 ๐ฅ
22. MethodofVariation Parameter
โข Stepsto solve linearD.E.
- Find out ๐ฆ๐
- Compared with it ๐ฆ๐= ๐1 ๐ฆ1+ ๐2 ๐ฆ2and find ๐ฆ1&๐ฆ2
- Solve ๐ = ๐ฆ1โฒ
๐ฆ1 ๐ฆ2
๐ฆ2โฒ
0 ๐ฆ2
, W1= 1 ๐ฆ2โฒ , ๐ 2= ๐ฆ1โฒ
๐ฆ1 0
1
- Find ๐ฆ๐ = ๐ฆ1โซ ๐ค1
๐
๐ฅ ๐๐ฅ + ๐ฆ2 โซ ๐ค2
๐
๐ฅ ๐๐ฅ
๐ค ๐ค