This document discusses forests, deforestation, wildlife management, fisheries, and endangered species. It notes that forests are economically and ecologically important but deforestation is a major environmental concern. Deforestation is driven by wood usage, which is predicted to double by 2050, and paper production, which uses 30% of the world's paper despite only 5% of the population. Unsustainable logging and fishing practices have depleted fish and whale populations. International agreements have established protections and regulations for fisheries, whaling, and endangered species to curb overexploitation and prevent extinctions.
1. Ch 13: Forests, Parks and
Landscapes
Forests are:
a. Economically important
1.
b. Ecologically important
1.
2.
3.
4.
2. Deforestation
1. One of the most crucial environmental
concerns of our times
2. Direct causes
âą a.
b.
c. in developing world = major
source of fuel
3. Case Study:
Paper and Deforestation
1. U.S. and paper:
a. We (5% or worldâs pop.) use 30%
of paper
b.
2. Global wood use
a. Predicted to double by 2050
b.
7. b. Hemp (first paper 105 A.D. - China)
One of worldâs most
versatile fibers.
8.
9.
10. c. Wheat, sugar cane and other
agricultural straw(agricultural waste)
d. Flax (used for over 2000 yrs)
5. Recycled paper into new
a. Down from 10% (1990) to 5% today
(consumer apathy)
b. Not easily marketable.
11. Forest Management
1. Two types of forests:
a.
b.
2. Most logging is on private and U.S.
forest service lands
3. ________________________________for
âthe greatest amount of good for the
greatest amount of peopleâ
12. U.S.F.S. and multiple use policy:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e. conservationists call this policy
âmultiple misuseâ
16. 5. Forests mgmt may also include
prescribed burning. (clear underbrush)
6. Plantation Forestry
a. also called
b. often planted after clearcutting
17. Parks and Preserves
1. General info. (10% land set aside)
a. National and State Park Service
_____________________vs. Forest Service
(______________________)
b. Natl. Parks managed by ________________
. Each state manages own.
c. First Natl. Park in US was Yellowstone in
1872
18. 2. Parks and preserves as islands
a. park vs nature reserve/wilderness
1. park =
2. natl. reserve⊠=
b. island biogeography
1. size and diversity of habitats
affects # of species that
may be maintained there
23. Managing wildlife populations
a. Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)
b.Minimum Viable Population
(endangered species)
c. Optimum Sustainable Population
d. Carrying Capacity
24. Over 70% global fishes considered
overfished
Fisheries
a. Wild fish harvests are declining
b. continental shelf = 95% harvesting
(upwelling, nutrients, algae)
Harmful commercial fishing techniques:
25. An estimated 2 billion hooks are set
each year by longline fishing fleets,
killing 40,000 sea turtles, over
300,000 sea birds and millions of
sharks annually, to name a few.
27. For every pound of shrimp caught,
10 - 20 lbs of bycatch âtrawl
trashâ is killed and discarded!
The area of the
seafloor trawled
is equal to 150X
the area of
forests clear cut
each year!
28.
29. Aquaculture now accounts for about 1/3 of our
seafood.
Now due to environmental problems marine
aquaculture is being revisited.
31. Whoâs being depleted?
Virtually every large fish in the ocean: Including,
but not limited to:
All have declined by 90% since industrialized
fishing after WWII.
32.
33. Fisheries in total collapse:
Oysters
Bluefin and Albacore Tuna
Sardines
Atlantic Cod
Anchovies from Peru
Salmon from Pacific Northwest
(Alaska is OK)
42. Whales and Whaling
âą11. Great whales and whaling
a. Subsistence vs. commercial whaling
b. heaviest losses in 20th century with
high tech whaling equip
43. 2.Commercial value
a. much less $$ than fisheries
b. but a few crucial products (whale oil)
c. __________________________established
in 1946 set moratorium on commercial whaling
in 1982 (very important!)
44. Species depleted, in order, by
commercial whalers:
*Right Whales
Humpback Whales
Sperm Whales
Blue Whales
Fin Whales
Minke Whales
More difficult to catch, not as
valuable
45. Who Violates Ban?
20000 have been slaughtered since the
ban in 1986
âą (under guise of
âscientific researchâ)
âą â says the ârats of the seaâ
are responsible for crash of fisheries!
âą IWC contemplating RMS
46. Dolphins, porpoisesâŠ
a. Commercial and accidental hunting
(tuna netting)
b. cooperation and boycotting
has helped establish measures
to reduce bycatch mortality
47. Endangered Species
âą Intl. Union of Concerned Scientists (IUCC) Red
List says, at risk of extinction are:
âą of all known mammals
âą of all known birds
âą of all known reptiles
âą of all known amphibians
48. Natural Causes of Extinction
âą Population fluctuations (if pop is very low)
âą Environmental Variations
âą Natural Catastrophes
âą Genetic changes (Small pops)
Human Causes of Extinction
