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अतर्रा पोस्ट ग्रेजुएट
कॉलेज, अतर्रा (बराँदर)
शिक्षक-शिक्षर संकरय
एम०एड० (शितीय वर्ा)
सत्र: 2018-19
शवर्य-उच्च शिक्षर तकनीकी
कक्षर-7
प्रकर्ण-मृदर
मरर्ादिाक
डॉ० र्रजीव अग्रवरल
(विभागाध्यक्ष)
प्रस्तुतकत्री
िशि नरमदेव
अनुक्रमरंक- 20
e`nk
e`nk ¼feV~Vh½ lcls egÙoiw.kZ izkÑfrd
lalkèkuksa esa ls ,d gSA ;g ikniksa dh
tM+ksa dks n`<+rk ls Fkkes j[kdj rFkk
mUgsa ty vkSjiks"kd rÙoksa dh vkiwfrZ
djds mudh o`f) esa lgk;rk djrh gSA ;g
vusd thoksa dk vkokl gSA Ñf"k ds fy,
e`nk vfuok;Z gSA Ñf"k ge lHkh dks
Hkkstu] diM+k vkSj vkJ; iznku djrh gSA
vr% e`nk gekjs thou dk vfHkUu Hkkx
gSA igyh o"kkZ ds ckn e`nk dh lkSa/kh
xa/klnSo rkT+kxh Hkj nsrh gSA
Ikz”u& Ñf’kge lcdks D;k iznkudjrh gS
¼v½-Hkkstu
¼c½-diM+k
¼l½-vkJ;
¼n½-mi;ZqDrlHkh
Ikz”u& Ñf’kge lcdks D;k iznkudjrh gS
¼v½- Hkkstu
Ikz”u& Ñf’kge lcdks D;k iznkudjrh gS
¼c½-diM+k
Ikz”u& Ñf’kge lcdks D;k iznkudjrh gS
¼l½-vkJ;
Ikz”u& Ñf’kge lcdks D;k iznkudjrh gS
¼n½-mi;ZqDr
lHkh
e`nk thou ls Hkjiwj gS
ikWyhFkhu dh FkSfy;k¡ vkSj IykfLVd] e`nk
dks iznwf"kr djrs gSaA ;s e`nk esa jgus okys
thoksa dks Hkh gkfu igq¡pkrs gSaA blfy,
ikWyhFkhu dh FkSfy;ksa vkSj IykfLVd dh
oLrqvksa ds mi;ksx ij izfrca/k dh ek¡x dh tk
jgh gSA vusd izdkj ds vif'k"V inkFkZ] jlk;u
rFkk ihM+duk'kh e`nk dks iznwf"kr djrs
gSaA ,sls vif'k"V inkFkks± vkSj jlk;uksa dks
e`nk esa fueqZDr djus ls igys mUgsa mipkfjr
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ihM+dukf'k;ksa dk mi;ksx
de ls de fd;k tkukpkfg,A
ikWyhFkhu dh FkSfy;k¡ vkSj IykfLVd]e`nk
dksiznwf"kr djrs gSaA
ikWyhFkhu dh FkSfy;k¡ vkSj IykfLVd]
e`nk dksiznwf"kr djrs gSaA
ikWyhFkhu dhFkSfy;k¡vkSjIykfLVd]e`nk
dksiznwf"kr djrs gSaA
e`nk thou ls Hkjiwj gS
ikWyhFkhu dh FkSfy;k¡ vkSj IykfLVd] e`nk
dks iznwf"kr djrs gSaA ;s e`nk esa jgus okys
thoksa dks Hkh gkfu igq¡pkrs gSaA blfy,
ikWyhFkhu dh FkSfy;ksa vkSj IykfLVd dh
oLrqvksa ds mi;ksx ij izfrca/k dh ek¡x dh tk
jgh gSA vusd izdkj ds vif'k"V inkFkZ] jlk;u
rFkk ihM+duk'kh e`nk dks iznwf"kr djrs
gSaA ,sls vif'k"V inkFkks± vkSj jlk;uksa dks
e`nk esa fueqZDr djus ls igys mUgsa mipkfjr
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ihM+dukf'k;ksa dk mi;ksx
de ls de fd;k tkukpkfg,A
vusd izdkj dsvif'k"VinkFkZ] jlk;u rFkk
ihM+duk'kh e`nk dks iznwf"kr djrs gSaA
vusd izdkj ds vif'k"VinkFkZ] jlk;u rFkk
ihM+duk'kh e`nk dksiznwf"kr djrsgSaA
vusd izdkj ds vif'k"VinkFkZ] jlk;u rFkk
ihM+duk'kh e`nk dksiznwf"kr djrsgSaA
e`nk ifjPNsfndk
vki 'kk;n tkurs gksaxs fd iou] ty vkSj
tyok;q dh fØ;k ls 'kSyksa
(pV~Vkuksa) ds VwVus ij e`nk dk
fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ;g izØe vi{k;
dgykrk gSA fdlh e`nk dh izÑfr mu
'kSyksa ij fuHkZj djrh gS] ftuls bldk
fuekZ.k gqvk gS vkSj ;g mu ouLifr;ksa
dh fdLeksa ij Hkh fuHkZj djrh gS] tks
blesa mxrs gSaA
iou] ty vkSj tyok;qdh fØ;k ls 'kSyksa
(pV~Vkuksa) dsVwVus ij e`nk dk fuekZ.k
gksrk gSA ;g izØe ----------- dgykrkgSA
vi{k;{k;
mRrj iou]ty vkSj tyok;qdhfØ;k ls'kSyksa
(pV~Vkuksa) dsVwVus ije`nkdkfuekZ.kgksrk
gSA ;gizØe {k; dgykrkgSA
mRrj iou]ty vkSj tyok;qdhfØ;kls 'kSyksa
(pV~Vkuksa) dsVwVus ije`nkdkfuekZ.kgksrk
gSA;gizØe vi{k;dgykrkgSA
e`nk ds izdkj
e`nk dks mlesa ik, tkus okys fofHkUu vkeki
¼lkbT+k½ ds d.kksa ds vuqikr ds vk/kkj ij
oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn e`nk esa cM+s
d.kksa dk vuqikr vfèkd gksrk gS] rks og cyqbZ
e`nk dgykrh gSA ;fn ckjhd ¼lw{e½ d.kksa dk
vuqikr vis{kkÑr vf/kd gksrk gS] rks ;g e`.e;
e`nk dgykrh gSA ;fn cM+s vkSj NksVs d.kksa
dh ek=kk yxHkx leku gksrh gS] rks ;g nqeVh
e`nk dgykrh gSA vr% e`nk dk oxhZdj.k
cyqbZ] nqeVh vkSj e`.e; ds :i esa fd;k tk ldrk
gSA
ckjhd¼lw{e½d.kksadk vuqikrvis{kkÑr
vf/kdgksrk gS]rks ;g e`.e;e`nk dgykrhgSA
vlR; lR;
ckjhd¼lw{e½d.kksadk vuqikrvis{kkÑr
vf/kdgksrk gS]rks ;g e`.e;e`nk dgykrhgSA
ckjhd¼lw{e½d.kksadk vuqikrvis{kkÑr
vf/kdgksrk gS]rks ;g e`.e;e`nk dgykrhgSA
e`nk esaueh
xje djus ij] e`nk esa ls ty okf"ir gksdj Åij
mBrk gS vkSj DoFku uyh ds Åijh Hkkx
dh vis{kkÑr BaMh Hkhrjh nhokj ij
la?kfur gks tkrk gSA
xeZ fnuksa esa e`nk ls ty ds ok"iu ds
dkj.k Åij mBrh tyok"i ok;q dks vis{kkÑr
l?ku cuk nsrh gSA blls lw;Z osQ izdk'k
osQ ijkorZu ds dkj.k e`nk ds Åij dh ok;q
gesa dainhIr izrhr gksrh gSA
xeZ fnuksa esa e`nklsty dsok"iudsdkj.kÅij
mBrh tyok"iok;qdksvis{kkÑr l?kucuknsrh gSA
vlR; lR;
xeZ fnuksaesae`nk lsty ds ok"iudsdkj.kÅij
mBrh tyok"iok;qdksvis{kkÑrl?kucuknsrh
gSA
xeZ fnuksaesae`nk lsty ds ok"iudsdkj.kÅij
mBrh tyok"iok;qdksvis{kkÑrl?kucuknsrh
gSA
e`nkvkSj Qlysa
Hkkjrds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu
izdkj dh e`nk ikbZ tkrh gSaA dqN {ks=ksa esa
e`.e; e`nk] dqN esa nqeVh e`nk tcfd dqN vU;
{ks=ksaesa cyqbZ e`nk ikbZ tkrh gSA
iou] o"kkZ] rki] izdk'k vkSj vknzZrk
}kjk e`nk izHkkfor gksrh gSA ;s dqN izeq[k
tyok;oh ¼tyok;q lEcU/kh½ dkjd gSa] tks e`nk
ifjPNsfndk dks izHkkfor djrs gSa vkSj e`nk
lajpuk esa ifjorZu ykrs gSaA tyok;oh dkjd
rFkk e`nk ds ?kVd lfEefyr :i ls fdlh {ks= fo'ks"k
esa mxus okyh ouLifr rFkk Qlyksa dh fdLeksa
dk fuèkkZj.kdjrs gSaA
Ikz”u&e`nkdks izHkkfor
dkSu&dkSu djrk gS
¼v½-iou
¼c½-izdk”k
¼l½-o’kkZ
¼n½-mijksDrlHkh
Ikz”u&e`nkdks izHkkfor
dkSu&dkSu djrk gS
¼v½-iou
Ikz”u&e`nkdks izHkkfor
dkSu&dkSu djrk gS
¼c½-izdk”k
Ikz”u&e`nkdks izHkkfor
dkSu&dkSu djrk gS
¼l½-o’kkZ
Ikz”u&e`nkdks izHkkfor
dkSu&dkSu djrk gS
¼n½- mijksDr lHkh
e`nk vijnu
ty] iou vFkok cQZ ds }kjk e`nk dh Åijh lrg
dk gVuk vijnu dgykrk gSA ikniksa dh
tM+sa e`nk dks eTkcwrh ls ck¡/ks j[krh
gSaA ikniksa dh vuqifLFkfr esa e`nk <hyh
gks tkrh gSA blls ;g iou vkSj izokgh ty ds
lkFk cg tkrh gSA e`nk dk vijnu e#LFky
vFkok catj Hkwfe tSls LFkkuksa ij vf/kd
gksrk gS tgk¡ fd lrg ij cgqr de vFkok dksbZ
ouLifr ugha gksrh gSA vr% o`{kksa dh
dVkbZ vkSj ouksUewyu dks jksdk tkuk
pkfg, vkSj gfjr {ks=ksa dks c<+kus ds iz;kl
fd, tkuspkfg,A
ty]iou vFkok cQZds }kjk e`nk dh Åijh lrg
dk gVukvijnu dgykrk gSA
ty] iou vFkokcQZ ds}kjke`nk dhÅijhlrg dk
gVukvijnu dgykrkgSA
ty] iou vFkokcQZ ds}kjke`nk dhÅijhlrg dk
gVukvijnu dgykrkgSA
e`nk vijnu
ty] iou vFkok cQZ ds }kjk e`nk dh Åijh lrg dk
gVuk vijnu dgykrk gSA ikniksa dh tM+sa
e`nk dks eTkcwrh ls ck¡/ks j[krh gSaA ikniksa
dh vuqifLFkfr esa e`nk <hyh gks tkrh gSA
blls ;g iou vkSj izokgh ty ds lkFk cg tkrh gSA
e`nk dk vijnu e#LFky vFkok catj Hkwfe tSls
LFkkuksa ij vf/kd gksrk gS tgk¡ fd lrg ij cgqr
de vFkok dksbZ ouLifr ugha gksrh gSA vr%
o`{kksa dh dVkbZ vkSj ouksUewyu dks
jksdk tkuk pkfg, vkSj gfjr {ks=ksa dks c<+kus
ds iz;kl fd, tkus pkfg,A
e`nk dk vijnu e#LFky vFkok catj Hkwfe
tSls LFkkuksa ij vf/kdgksrk gSA
e`nk dkvijnue#LFkyvFkokcatjHkwfetSls
LFkkuksaijvf/kdgksrkgSA
e`nk dkvijnue#LFkyvFkokcatjHkwfetSls
LFkkuksaijvf/kdgksrkgSA
e`nkifjPNsfndk
fdlh e`nk dh izÑfr mu 'kSyksa ij fuHkZj djrh gS]
ftuls bldk fuekZ.k gqvk gS vkSj ;g mu ouLifr;ksa
dh fdLeksa ij Hkh fuHkZj djrh gS] tks blesa mxrs
gSaA le`) gksrh gSA g~;wel] e`nk dks moZj cukrk
gS vkSj ikniksa dks iks"k.k iznku djrk gSA ;g ijr
lkekU;r% e`nq] ljaèkz vkSj vf/d ty dks /kj.k djus
okyh gksrh gSA bls 'kh"kZe`nk vFkok
A&laLrj&fLFkfr dgrs gSaA 'kh"kZe`nk d`fe;ksa]
d`ardksa] NNqanjksa vkSj Hk`axqvksa tSls vusd
thoksa dks vkokl ¼vkJ;½ iznku djrh gSA NksVs
ikniksa dh tM+sa iwjh rjg ls 'kh"kZe`nk esa gh
jgrh gSaA
fupyh e`nk“kh’kZ e`nk
mRrj
mRrj
e`nk thou ls Hkjiwj gS
ikWyhFkhu dh FkSfy;k¡ vkSj IykfLVd] e`nk
dks iznwf"kr djrs gSaA ;s e`nk esa jgus okys
thoksa dks Hkh gkfu igq¡pkrs gSaA blfy,
ikWyhFkhu dh FkSfy;ksa vkSj IykfLVd dh
oLrqvksa ds mi;ksx ij izfrca/k dh ek¡x dh tk
jgh gSA vusd izdkj ds vif'k"V inkFkZ] jlk;u
rFkk ihM+duk'kh e`nk dks iznwf"kr djrs gSaA
,sls vif'k"V inkFkks± vkSj jlk;uksa dks e`nk esa
fueqZDr djus ls igys mUgsa mipkfjr fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A ihM+dukf'k;ksa dk mi;ksx de ls de fd;k
tkukpkfg,A
ihM+dukf'k;ksadkmi;ksx dels de
fd;ktkuk pkfg,A
lR;vlR;
mRrj ihM+dukf'k;ksa dk mi;ksx de ls de
fd;ktkukpkfg,A
mRrj ihM+dukf'k;ksa dk mi;ksx de ls de
fd;ktkukpkfg,A
e`nk esaueh
D;k vki dHkh xzh"edky esa fdlh xeZ fnu dh
nksigj esa fdlh [ksr vFkok [kqys eSnku ls
gksdj xqT+kjs gSa laHkor% vkius ns[kk
gksxk fd tehu ds Åij dh ok;q dainhIr gks jgh
gS] vFkkZr~ ,slk fn[krk gS] tSls xeZ ok;q oSls
gh Åij mB jgh gS] tSls vkx ds vyko ls mBrh
gSA ,slk D;ksa gksrk gS bl fØ;kdyki }kjk ge
bldk mÙkj tkuusdk iz;kl djsaxsA
e`nk vius esa ty dks jksds j[krh gS]
ftls e`nk vknzZrk ;k e`nk ueh dgrs gSaA e`nk
dh ty dks jksds j[kus dh {kerk ;k ty /kj.k {kerk
fofHkUu Qlyksa ds fy, egÙoiw.kZ gSA
Ikz”u& 19- e`nkvius esa ty dks jksds j[krhgSftls-----------
----dgrs gSaA
¼v½-e`nkvo”kks’k.k
¼c½-e`nkmRltZu
¼l½-e`nk ok’ihdj.k
¼n½-e`nk vknzZrk;k e`nk
ueh
Ikz”u& 19oha “krkCnhls igys jksekfu;kesa ikB~;iqLrdsa
fdlHkk’kkesa fy[khtkrh Fkh
¼v½- e`nk
vo”kks’k.k
Ikz”u& 19oha “krkCnhls igys jksekfu;kesa ikB~;iqLrdsa
fdlHkk’kkesa fy[khtkrh Fkh
¼c½-e`nk mRltZu
Ikz”u& 19oha “krkCnhls igys jksekfu;kesa ikB~;iqLrdsa
fdlHkk’kkesa fy[khtkrh Fkh
¼l½-e`nk ok’ihdj.k
Ikz”u& 19oha “krkCnhls igys jksekfu;kesa ikB~;iqLrdsa
fdlHkk’kkesa fy[khtkrh Fkh
¼n½-e`nk vknzZrk
;ke`nk ueh
e`nk vkSjQlyas
Hkkjr ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj dh
e`nk ikbZ tkrhgSaA dqN {ks=ksa esa e`.e; e`nk]dqNesa
nqeVh e`nk tcfd dqN vU; {ks=ksa esa cyqbZ e`nk ikbZ
tkrh gSA iou] o"kkZ] rki] izdk'k vkSj vknzZrk }kjk e`nk
izHkkfor gksrh gSA ;s dqN izeq[k tyok;oh ¼tyok;q
laca/kh½ dkjd gSa] tks e`nk ifjPNsfndk dks izHkkfor
djrs gSa vkSj e`nk lajpuk esa ifjorZu ykrs gSaA tyok;oh
dkjd rFkk e`nk ds ?kVd lfEefyr :i ls fdlh {ks= fo'ks"k esa
mxus okyh ouLifr rFkk Qlyksa dh fdLeksa dk fuèkkZj.k
djrs gSaA e`.e; vkSj nqeVh e`nk nksuksa gh xsg¡w vkSj
pus tSlh Qlyksa dh [ksrh ds fy, mi;qDr gksrh gSaA ,slh
e`nk dh ty /kkj.k {kerk vPNh gksrh gSA /ku ds fy,]
e`fÙkdk ,oa tSo inkFkZ ls le`) rFkk vPNh ty /kj.k {kerk
okyh e`nk vkn'kZ gksrh gSaA elwj vkSj vU; nkyksa ds fy,
nqeVh e`nk dh vko';drk gksrh gS]
1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk
2-nqeVh e`nk
3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh
4-e`.e;
5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½
/kku
xsgw¡
dikl
elwj
xsgw¡vkSj pus
1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk
2-nqeVh e`nk
3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh
4-e`.e;
5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½
/kku
xsgw¡
dikl
elwj
xsgw¡ vkSj pus
1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk
2-nqeVh e`nk
3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh
4-e`.e;
5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½
/kku
xsgw¡
dikl
elwj
xsgw¡ vkSj pus
1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk
2-nqeVh e`nk
3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh
4-e`.e;
5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½
/kku
xsgw¡
dikl
elwj
xsgw¡vkSj pus
1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk
2-nqeVh e`nk
3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh
4-e`.e;
5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½
/kku
xsgw¡
dikl
elwj
xsgw¡vkSj pus
1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk
2-nqeVh e`nk
3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh
4-e`.e;
5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½
/kku
xsgw¡
dikl
elwj
xsgw¡vkSj pus
e`nk vkSjQlyas
Hkkjr ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj dh
e`nk ikbZ tkrhgSaA dqN {ks=ksa esa e`.e; e`nk]dqNesa
nqeVh e`nk tcfd dqN vU; {ks=ksa esa cyqbZ e`nk ikbZ
tkrh gSA iou] o"kkZ] rki] izdk'k vkSj vknzZrk }kjk e`nk
izHkkfor gksrh gSA ;s dqN izeq[k tyok;oh ¼tyok;q
laca/kh½ dkjd gSa] tks e`nk ifjPNsfndk dks izHkkfor
djrs gSa vkSj e`nk lajpuk esa ifjorZu ykrs gSaA tyok;oh
dkjd rFkk e`nk ds ?kVd lfEefyr :i ls fdlh {ks= fo'ks"k esa
mxus okyh ouLifr rFkk Qlyksa dh fdLeksa dk fuèkkZj.k
djrs gSaA e`.e; vkSj nqeVh e`nk nksuksa gh xsg¡w vkSj
pus tSlh Qlyksa dh [ksrh ds fy, mi;qDr gksrh gSaA ,slh
e`nk dh ty /kkj.k {kerk vPNh gksrh gSA /ku ds fy,]
e`fÙkdk ,oa tSo inkFkZ ls le`) rFkk vPNh ty /kj.k {kerk
okyh e`nk vkn'kZ gksrh gSaA elwj vkSj vU; nkyksa ds fy,
nqeVh e`nk dh vko';drk gksrh gS]
1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk
2-nqeVh e`nk
3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh
4-e`.e;
5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½
/kku
xsgw¡
dikl
elwj
xsgw¡vkSj pus
1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk
2-nqeVh e`nk
3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh
4-e`.e;
5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½
/kku
xsgw¡
dikl
elwj
xsgw¡vkSj pus
1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk
2-nqeVh e`nk
3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh
4-e`.e;
5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½
/kku
xsgw¡
dikl
elwj
xsgw¡vkSj pus
1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk
2-nqeVh e`nk
3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh
4-e`.e;
5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½
/kku
xsgw¡
dikl
elwj
xsgw¡vkSj pus
e`nk vkSjQlyas
Hkkjr ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj dh
e`nk ikbZ tkrhgSaA dqN {ks=ksa esa e`.e; e`nk]dqNesa
nqeVh e`nk tcfd dqN vU; {ks=ksa esa cyqbZ e`nk ikbZ
tkrh gSA iou] o"kkZ] rki] izdk'k vkSj vknzZrk }kjk e`nk
izHkkfor gksrh gSA ;s dqN izeq[k tyok;oh ¼tyok;q
laca/kh½ dkjd gSa] tks e`nk ifjPNsfndk dks izHkkfor
djrs gSa vkSj e`nk lajpuk esa ifjorZu ykrs gSaA tyok;oh
dkjd rFkk e`nk ds ?kVd lfEefyr :i ls fdlh {ks= fo'ks"k esa
mxus okyh ouLifr rFkk Qlyksa dh fdLeksa dk fuèkkZj.k
djrs gSaA e`.e; vkSj nqeVh e`nk nksuksa gh xsg¡w vkSj
pus tSlh Qlyksa dh [ksrh ds fy, mi;qDr gksrh gSaA ,slh
e`nk dh ty /kkj.k {kerk vPNh gksrh gSA /ku ds fy,]
e`fÙkdk ,oa tSo inkFkZ ls le`) rFkk vPNh ty /kj.k {kerk
okyh e`nk vkn'kZ gksrh gSaA elwj vkSj vU; nkyksa ds fy,
nqeVh e`nk dh vko';drk gksrh gS]
1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk
2-nqeVh e`nk
3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh
4-e`.e;
5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½
/kku
xsgw¡
dikl
elwj
xsgw¡vkSj pus
1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk
2-nqeVh e`nk
3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh
4-e`.e;
5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½
/kku
xsgw¡
dikl
elwj
xsgw¡vkSj pus
1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk
2-nqeVh e`nk
3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh
4-e`.e;
5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½
/kku
xsgw¡
dikl
elwj
xsgw¡vkSj pus
e`nk vkSjQlyas
Hkkjr ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj dh
e`nk ikbZ tkrhgSaA dqN {ks=ksa esa e`.e; e`nk]dqNesa
nqeVh e`nk tcfd dqN vU; {ks=ksa esa cyqbZ e`nk ikbZ
tkrh gSA iou] o"kkZ] rki] izdk'k vkSj vknzZrk }kjk e`nk
izHkkfor gksrh gSA ;s dqN izeq[k tyok;oh ¼tyok;q
laca/kh½ dkjd gSa] tks e`nk ifjPNsfndk dks izHkkfor
djrs gSa vkSj e`nk lajpuk esa ifjorZu ykrs gSaA tyok;oh
dkjd rFkk e`nk ds ?kVd lfEefyr :i ls fdlh {ks= fo'ks"k esa
mxus okyh ouLifr rFkk Qlyksa dh fdLeksa dk fuèkkZj.k
djrs gSaA e`.e; vkSj nqeVh e`nk nksuksa gh xsg¡w vkSj
pus tSlh Qlyksa dh [ksrh ds fy, mi;qDr gksrh gSaA ,slh
e`nk dh ty /kkj.k {kerk vPNh gksrh gSA /ku ds fy,]
e`fÙkdk ,oa tSo inkFkZ ls le`) rFkk vPNh ty /kj.k {kerk
okyh e`nk vkn'kZ gksrh gSaA elwj vkSj vU; nkyksa ds fy,
nqeVh e`nk dh vko';drk gksrh gS]
1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk
2-nqeVh e`nk
3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh
4-e`.e;
5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½
/kku
xsgw¡
dikl
elwj
xsgw¡vkSj pus
1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk
2-nqeVh e`nk
3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh
4-e`.e;
5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½
/kku
xsgw¡
dikl
elwj
xsgw¡vkSj pus
1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk
2-nqeVh e`nk
3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh
4-e`.e;
5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½
/kku
xsgw¡
dikl
elwj
xsgw¡vkSj pus
PPT (MRADA)

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PPT (MRADA)

  • 2. शिक्षक-शिक्षर संकरय एम०एड० (शितीय वर्ा) सत्र: 2018-19 शवर्य-उच्च शिक्षर तकनीकी कक्षर-7 प्रकर्ण-मृदर मरर्ादिाक डॉ० र्रजीव अग्रवरल (विभागाध्यक्ष) प्रस्तुतकत्री िशि नरमदेव अनुक्रमरंक- 20
  • 3. e`nk e`nk ¼feV~Vh½ lcls egÙoiw.kZ izkÑfrd lalkèkuksa esa ls ,d gSA ;g ikniksa dh tM+ksa dks n`<+rk ls Fkkes j[kdj rFkk mUgsa ty vkSjiks"kd rÙoksa dh vkiwfrZ djds mudh o`f) esa lgk;rk djrh gSA ;g vusd thoksa dk vkokl gSA Ñf"k ds fy, e`nk vfuok;Z gSA Ñf"k ge lHkh dks Hkkstu] diM+k vkSj vkJ; iznku djrh gSA vr% e`nk gekjs thou dk vfHkUu Hkkx gSA igyh o"kkZ ds ckn e`nk dh lkSa/kh xa/klnSo rkT+kxh Hkj nsrh gSA
  • 4. Ikz”u& Ñf’kge lcdks D;k iznkudjrh gS ¼v½-Hkkstu ¼c½-diM+k ¼l½-vkJ; ¼n½-mi;ZqDrlHkh
  • 5. Ikz”u& Ñf’kge lcdks D;k iznkudjrh gS ¼v½- Hkkstu
  • 6. Ikz”u& Ñf’kge lcdks D;k iznkudjrh gS ¼c½-diM+k
  • 7. Ikz”u& Ñf’kge lcdks D;k iznkudjrh gS ¼l½-vkJ;
  • 8. Ikz”u& Ñf’kge lcdks D;k iznkudjrh gS ¼n½-mi;ZqDr lHkh
  • 9. e`nk thou ls Hkjiwj gS ikWyhFkhu dh FkSfy;k¡ vkSj IykfLVd] e`nk dks iznwf"kr djrs gSaA ;s e`nk esa jgus okys thoksa dks Hkh gkfu igq¡pkrs gSaA blfy, ikWyhFkhu dh FkSfy;ksa vkSj IykfLVd dh oLrqvksa ds mi;ksx ij izfrca/k dh ek¡x dh tk jgh gSA vusd izdkj ds vif'k"V inkFkZ] jlk;u rFkk ihM+duk'kh e`nk dks iznwf"kr djrs gSaA ,sls vif'k"V inkFkks± vkSj jlk;uksa dks e`nk esa fueqZDr djus ls igys mUgsa mipkfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ihM+dukf'k;ksa dk mi;ksx de ls de fd;k tkukpkfg,A
  • 10. ikWyhFkhu dh FkSfy;k¡ vkSj IykfLVd]e`nk dksiznwf"kr djrs gSaA
  • 11. ikWyhFkhu dh FkSfy;k¡ vkSj IykfLVd] e`nk dksiznwf"kr djrs gSaA
  • 13. e`nk thou ls Hkjiwj gS ikWyhFkhu dh FkSfy;k¡ vkSj IykfLVd] e`nk dks iznwf"kr djrs gSaA ;s e`nk esa jgus okys thoksa dks Hkh gkfu igq¡pkrs gSaA blfy, ikWyhFkhu dh FkSfy;ksa vkSj IykfLVd dh oLrqvksa ds mi;ksx ij izfrca/k dh ek¡x dh tk jgh gSA vusd izdkj ds vif'k"V inkFkZ] jlk;u rFkk ihM+duk'kh e`nk dks iznwf"kr djrs gSaA ,sls vif'k"V inkFkks± vkSj jlk;uksa dks e`nk esa fueqZDr djus ls igys mUgsa mipkfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ihM+dukf'k;ksa dk mi;ksx de ls de fd;k tkukpkfg,A
  • 14. vusd izdkj dsvif'k"VinkFkZ] jlk;u rFkk ihM+duk'kh e`nk dks iznwf"kr djrs gSaA
  • 15. vusd izdkj ds vif'k"VinkFkZ] jlk;u rFkk ihM+duk'kh e`nk dksiznwf"kr djrsgSaA
  • 16. vusd izdkj ds vif'k"VinkFkZ] jlk;u rFkk ihM+duk'kh e`nk dksiznwf"kr djrsgSaA
  • 17. e`nk ifjPNsfndk vki 'kk;n tkurs gksaxs fd iou] ty vkSj tyok;q dh fØ;k ls 'kSyksa (pV~Vkuksa) ds VwVus ij e`nk dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ;g izØe vi{k; dgykrk gSA fdlh e`nk dh izÑfr mu 'kSyksa ij fuHkZj djrh gS] ftuls bldk fuekZ.k gqvk gS vkSj ;g mu ouLifr;ksa dh fdLeksa ij Hkh fuHkZj djrh gS] tks blesa mxrs gSaA
  • 18. iou] ty vkSj tyok;qdh fØ;k ls 'kSyksa (pV~Vkuksa) dsVwVus ij e`nk dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ;g izØe ----------- dgykrkgSA vi{k;{k;
  • 19. mRrj iou]ty vkSj tyok;qdhfØ;k ls'kSyksa (pV~Vkuksa) dsVwVus ije`nkdkfuekZ.kgksrk gSA ;gizØe {k; dgykrkgSA
  • 20. mRrj iou]ty vkSj tyok;qdhfØ;kls 'kSyksa (pV~Vkuksa) dsVwVus ije`nkdkfuekZ.kgksrk gSA;gizØe vi{k;dgykrkgSA
  • 21. e`nk ds izdkj e`nk dks mlesa ik, tkus okys fofHkUu vkeki ¼lkbT+k½ ds d.kksa ds vuqikr ds vk/kkj ij oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn e`nk esa cM+s d.kksa dk vuqikr vfèkd gksrk gS] rks og cyqbZ e`nk dgykrh gSA ;fn ckjhd ¼lw{e½ d.kksa dk vuqikr vis{kkÑr vf/kd gksrk gS] rks ;g e`.e; e`nk dgykrh gSA ;fn cM+s vkSj NksVs d.kksa dh ek=kk yxHkx leku gksrh gS] rks ;g nqeVh e`nk dgykrh gSA vr% e`nk dk oxhZdj.k cyqbZ] nqeVh vkSj e`.e; ds :i esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA
  • 25. e`nk esaueh xje djus ij] e`nk esa ls ty okf"ir gksdj Åij mBrk gS vkSj DoFku uyh ds Åijh Hkkx dh vis{kkÑr BaMh Hkhrjh nhokj ij la?kfur gks tkrk gSA xeZ fnuksa esa e`nk ls ty ds ok"iu ds dkj.k Åij mBrh tyok"i ok;q dks vis{kkÑr l?ku cuk nsrh gSA blls lw;Z osQ izdk'k osQ ijkorZu ds dkj.k e`nk ds Åij dh ok;q gesa dainhIr izrhr gksrh gSA
  • 26. xeZ fnuksa esa e`nklsty dsok"iudsdkj.kÅij mBrh tyok"iok;qdksvis{kkÑr l?kucuknsrh gSA vlR; lR;
  • 27. xeZ fnuksaesae`nk lsty ds ok"iudsdkj.kÅij mBrh tyok"iok;qdksvis{kkÑrl?kucuknsrh gSA
  • 28. xeZ fnuksaesae`nk lsty ds ok"iudsdkj.kÅij mBrh tyok"iok;qdksvis{kkÑrl?kucuknsrh gSA
  • 29. e`nkvkSj Qlysa Hkkjrds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj dh e`nk ikbZ tkrh gSaA dqN {ks=ksa esa e`.e; e`nk] dqN esa nqeVh e`nk tcfd dqN vU; {ks=ksaesa cyqbZ e`nk ikbZ tkrh gSA iou] o"kkZ] rki] izdk'k vkSj vknzZrk }kjk e`nk izHkkfor gksrh gSA ;s dqN izeq[k tyok;oh ¼tyok;q lEcU/kh½ dkjd gSa] tks e`nk ifjPNsfndk dks izHkkfor djrs gSa vkSj e`nk lajpuk esa ifjorZu ykrs gSaA tyok;oh dkjd rFkk e`nk ds ?kVd lfEefyr :i ls fdlh {ks= fo'ks"k esa mxus okyh ouLifr rFkk Qlyksa dh fdLeksa dk fuèkkZj.kdjrs gSaA
  • 30. Ikz”u&e`nkdks izHkkfor dkSu&dkSu djrk gS ¼v½-iou ¼c½-izdk”k ¼l½-o’kkZ ¼n½-mijksDrlHkh
  • 34. Ikz”u&e`nkdks izHkkfor dkSu&dkSu djrk gS ¼n½- mijksDr lHkh
  • 35. e`nk vijnu ty] iou vFkok cQZ ds }kjk e`nk dh Åijh lrg dk gVuk vijnu dgykrk gSA ikniksa dh tM+sa e`nk dks eTkcwrh ls ck¡/ks j[krh gSaA ikniksa dh vuqifLFkfr esa e`nk <hyh gks tkrh gSA blls ;g iou vkSj izokgh ty ds lkFk cg tkrh gSA e`nk dk vijnu e#LFky vFkok catj Hkwfe tSls LFkkuksa ij vf/kd gksrk gS tgk¡ fd lrg ij cgqr de vFkok dksbZ ouLifr ugha gksrh gSA vr% o`{kksa dh dVkbZ vkSj ouksUewyu dks jksdk tkuk pkfg, vkSj gfjr {ks=ksa dks c<+kus ds iz;kl fd, tkuspkfg,A
  • 36. ty]iou vFkok cQZds }kjk e`nk dh Åijh lrg dk gVukvijnu dgykrk gSA
  • 37. ty] iou vFkokcQZ ds}kjke`nk dhÅijhlrg dk gVukvijnu dgykrkgSA
  • 38. ty] iou vFkokcQZ ds}kjke`nk dhÅijhlrg dk gVukvijnu dgykrkgSA
  • 39. e`nk vijnu ty] iou vFkok cQZ ds }kjk e`nk dh Åijh lrg dk gVuk vijnu dgykrk gSA ikniksa dh tM+sa e`nk dks eTkcwrh ls ck¡/ks j[krh gSaA ikniksa dh vuqifLFkfr esa e`nk <hyh gks tkrh gSA blls ;g iou vkSj izokgh ty ds lkFk cg tkrh gSA e`nk dk vijnu e#LFky vFkok catj Hkwfe tSls LFkkuksa ij vf/kd gksrk gS tgk¡ fd lrg ij cgqr de vFkok dksbZ ouLifr ugha gksrh gSA vr% o`{kksa dh dVkbZ vkSj ouksUewyu dks jksdk tkuk pkfg, vkSj gfjr {ks=ksa dks c<+kus ds iz;kl fd, tkus pkfg,A
  • 40. e`nk dk vijnu e#LFky vFkok catj Hkwfe tSls LFkkuksa ij vf/kdgksrk gSA
  • 43. e`nkifjPNsfndk fdlh e`nk dh izÑfr mu 'kSyksa ij fuHkZj djrh gS] ftuls bldk fuekZ.k gqvk gS vkSj ;g mu ouLifr;ksa dh fdLeksa ij Hkh fuHkZj djrh gS] tks blesa mxrs gSaA le`) gksrh gSA g~;wel] e`nk dks moZj cukrk gS vkSj ikniksa dks iks"k.k iznku djrk gSA ;g ijr lkekU;r% e`nq] ljaèkz vkSj vf/d ty dks /kj.k djus okyh gksrh gSA bls 'kh"kZe`nk vFkok A&laLrj&fLFkfr dgrs gSaA 'kh"kZe`nk d`fe;ksa] d`ardksa] NNqanjksa vkSj Hk`axqvksa tSls vusd thoksa dks vkokl ¼vkJ;½ iznku djrh gSA NksVs ikniksa dh tM+sa iwjh rjg ls 'kh"kZe`nk esa gh jgrh gSaA
  • 45. mRrj
  • 46. mRrj
  • 47. e`nk thou ls Hkjiwj gS ikWyhFkhu dh FkSfy;k¡ vkSj IykfLVd] e`nk dks iznwf"kr djrs gSaA ;s e`nk esa jgus okys thoksa dks Hkh gkfu igq¡pkrs gSaA blfy, ikWyhFkhu dh FkSfy;ksa vkSj IykfLVd dh oLrqvksa ds mi;ksx ij izfrca/k dh ek¡x dh tk jgh gSA vusd izdkj ds vif'k"V inkFkZ] jlk;u rFkk ihM+duk'kh e`nk dks iznwf"kr djrs gSaA ,sls vif'k"V inkFkks± vkSj jlk;uksa dks e`nk esa fueqZDr djus ls igys mUgsa mipkfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ihM+dukf'k;ksa dk mi;ksx de ls de fd;k tkukpkfg,A
  • 49. mRrj ihM+dukf'k;ksa dk mi;ksx de ls de fd;ktkukpkfg,A
  • 50. mRrj ihM+dukf'k;ksa dk mi;ksx de ls de fd;ktkukpkfg,A
  • 51. e`nk esaueh D;k vki dHkh xzh"edky esa fdlh xeZ fnu dh nksigj esa fdlh [ksr vFkok [kqys eSnku ls gksdj xqT+kjs gSa laHkor% vkius ns[kk gksxk fd tehu ds Åij dh ok;q dainhIr gks jgh gS] vFkkZr~ ,slk fn[krk gS] tSls xeZ ok;q oSls gh Åij mB jgh gS] tSls vkx ds vyko ls mBrh gSA ,slk D;ksa gksrk gS bl fØ;kdyki }kjk ge bldk mÙkj tkuusdk iz;kl djsaxsA e`nk vius esa ty dks jksds j[krh gS] ftls e`nk vknzZrk ;k e`nk ueh dgrs gSaA e`nk dh ty dks jksds j[kus dh {kerk ;k ty /kj.k {kerk fofHkUu Qlyksa ds fy, egÙoiw.kZ gSA
  • 52. Ikz”u& 19- e`nkvius esa ty dks jksds j[krhgSftls----------- ----dgrs gSaA ¼v½-e`nkvo”kks’k.k ¼c½-e`nkmRltZu ¼l½-e`nk ok’ihdj.k ¼n½-e`nk vknzZrk;k e`nk ueh
  • 53. Ikz”u& 19oha “krkCnhls igys jksekfu;kesa ikB~;iqLrdsa fdlHkk’kkesa fy[khtkrh Fkh ¼v½- e`nk vo”kks’k.k
  • 54. Ikz”u& 19oha “krkCnhls igys jksekfu;kesa ikB~;iqLrdsa fdlHkk’kkesa fy[khtkrh Fkh ¼c½-e`nk mRltZu
  • 55. Ikz”u& 19oha “krkCnhls igys jksekfu;kesa ikB~;iqLrdsa fdlHkk’kkesa fy[khtkrh Fkh ¼l½-e`nk ok’ihdj.k
  • 56. Ikz”u& 19oha “krkCnhls igys jksekfu;kesa ikB~;iqLrdsa fdlHkk’kkesa fy[khtkrh Fkh ¼n½-e`nk vknzZrk ;ke`nk ueh
  • 57. e`nk vkSjQlyas Hkkjr ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj dh e`nk ikbZ tkrhgSaA dqN {ks=ksa esa e`.e; e`nk]dqNesa nqeVh e`nk tcfd dqN vU; {ks=ksa esa cyqbZ e`nk ikbZ tkrh gSA iou] o"kkZ] rki] izdk'k vkSj vknzZrk }kjk e`nk izHkkfor gksrh gSA ;s dqN izeq[k tyok;oh ¼tyok;q laca/kh½ dkjd gSa] tks e`nk ifjPNsfndk dks izHkkfor djrs gSa vkSj e`nk lajpuk esa ifjorZu ykrs gSaA tyok;oh dkjd rFkk e`nk ds ?kVd lfEefyr :i ls fdlh {ks= fo'ks"k esa mxus okyh ouLifr rFkk Qlyksa dh fdLeksa dk fuèkkZj.k djrs gSaA e`.e; vkSj nqeVh e`nk nksuksa gh xsg¡w vkSj pus tSlh Qlyksa dh [ksrh ds fy, mi;qDr gksrh gSaA ,slh e`nk dh ty /kkj.k {kerk vPNh gksrh gSA /ku ds fy,] e`fÙkdk ,oa tSo inkFkZ ls le`) rFkk vPNh ty /kj.k {kerk okyh e`nk vkn'kZ gksrh gSaA elwj vkSj vU; nkyksa ds fy, nqeVh e`nk dh vko';drk gksrh gS]
  • 58. 1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk 2-nqeVh e`nk 3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh 4-e`.e; 5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½ /kku xsgw¡ dikl elwj xsgw¡vkSj pus
  • 59. 1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk 2-nqeVh e`nk 3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh 4-e`.e; 5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½ /kku xsgw¡ dikl elwj xsgw¡ vkSj pus
  • 60. 1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk 2-nqeVh e`nk 3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh 4-e`.e; 5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½ /kku xsgw¡ dikl elwj xsgw¡ vkSj pus
  • 61. 1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk 2-nqeVh e`nk 3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh 4-e`.e; 5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½ /kku xsgw¡ dikl elwj xsgw¡vkSj pus
  • 62. 1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk 2-nqeVh e`nk 3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh 4-e`.e; 5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½ /kku xsgw¡ dikl elwj xsgw¡vkSj pus
  • 63. 1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk 2-nqeVh e`nk 3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh 4-e`.e; 5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½ /kku xsgw¡ dikl elwj xsgw¡vkSj pus
  • 64. e`nk vkSjQlyas Hkkjr ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj dh e`nk ikbZ tkrhgSaA dqN {ks=ksa esa e`.e; e`nk]dqNesa nqeVh e`nk tcfd dqN vU; {ks=ksa esa cyqbZ e`nk ikbZ tkrh gSA iou] o"kkZ] rki] izdk'k vkSj vknzZrk }kjk e`nk izHkkfor gksrh gSA ;s dqN izeq[k tyok;oh ¼tyok;q laca/kh½ dkjd gSa] tks e`nk ifjPNsfndk dks izHkkfor djrs gSa vkSj e`nk lajpuk esa ifjorZu ykrs gSaA tyok;oh dkjd rFkk e`nk ds ?kVd lfEefyr :i ls fdlh {ks= fo'ks"k esa mxus okyh ouLifr rFkk Qlyksa dh fdLeksa dk fuèkkZj.k djrs gSaA e`.e; vkSj nqeVh e`nk nksuksa gh xsg¡w vkSj pus tSlh Qlyksa dh [ksrh ds fy, mi;qDr gksrh gSaA ,slh e`nk dh ty /kkj.k {kerk vPNh gksrh gSA /ku ds fy,] e`fÙkdk ,oa tSo inkFkZ ls le`) rFkk vPNh ty /kj.k {kerk okyh e`nk vkn'kZ gksrh gSaA elwj vkSj vU; nkyksa ds fy, nqeVh e`nk dh vko';drk gksrh gS]
  • 65. 1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk 2-nqeVh e`nk 3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh 4-e`.e; 5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½ /kku xsgw¡ dikl elwj xsgw¡vkSj pus
  • 66. 1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk 2-nqeVh e`nk 3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh 4-e`.e; 5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½ /kku xsgw¡ dikl elwj xsgw¡vkSj pus
  • 67. 1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk 2-nqeVh e`nk 3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh 4-e`.e; 5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½ /kku xsgw¡ dikl elwj xsgw¡vkSj pus
  • 68. 1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk 2-nqeVh e`nk 3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh 4-e`.e; 5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½ /kku xsgw¡ dikl elwj xsgw¡vkSj pus
  • 69. e`nk vkSjQlyas Hkkjr ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj dh e`nk ikbZ tkrhgSaA dqN {ks=ksa esa e`.e; e`nk]dqNesa nqeVh e`nk tcfd dqN vU; {ks=ksa esa cyqbZ e`nk ikbZ tkrh gSA iou] o"kkZ] rki] izdk'k vkSj vknzZrk }kjk e`nk izHkkfor gksrh gSA ;s dqN izeq[k tyok;oh ¼tyok;q laca/kh½ dkjd gSa] tks e`nk ifjPNsfndk dks izHkkfor djrs gSa vkSj e`nk lajpuk esa ifjorZu ykrs gSaA tyok;oh dkjd rFkk e`nk ds ?kVd lfEefyr :i ls fdlh {ks= fo'ks"k esa mxus okyh ouLifr rFkk Qlyksa dh fdLeksa dk fuèkkZj.k djrs gSaA e`.e; vkSj nqeVh e`nk nksuksa gh xsg¡w vkSj pus tSlh Qlyksa dh [ksrh ds fy, mi;qDr gksrh gSaA ,slh e`nk dh ty /kkj.k {kerk vPNh gksrh gSA /ku ds fy,] e`fÙkdk ,oa tSo inkFkZ ls le`) rFkk vPNh ty /kj.k {kerk okyh e`nk vkn'kZ gksrh gSaA elwj vkSj vU; nkyksa ds fy, nqeVh e`nk dh vko';drk gksrh gS]
  • 70. 1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk 2-nqeVh e`nk 3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh 4-e`.e; 5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½ /kku xsgw¡ dikl elwj xsgw¡vkSj pus
  • 71. 1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk 2-nqeVh e`nk 3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh 4-e`.e; 5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½ /kku xsgw¡ dikl elwj xsgw¡vkSj pus
  • 72. 1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk 2-nqeVh e`nk 3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh 4-e`.e; 5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½ /kku xsgw¡ dikl elwj xsgw¡vkSj pus
  • 73. e`nk vkSjQlyas Hkkjr ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj dh e`nk ikbZ tkrhgSaA dqN {ks=ksa esa e`.e; e`nk]dqNesa nqeVh e`nk tcfd dqN vU; {ks=ksa esa cyqbZ e`nk ikbZ tkrh gSA iou] o"kkZ] rki] izdk'k vkSj vknzZrk }kjk e`nk izHkkfor gksrh gSA ;s dqN izeq[k tyok;oh ¼tyok;q laca/kh½ dkjd gSa] tks e`nk ifjPNsfndk dks izHkkfor djrs gSa vkSj e`nk lajpuk esa ifjorZu ykrs gSaA tyok;oh dkjd rFkk e`nk ds ?kVd lfEefyr :i ls fdlh {ks= fo'ks"k esa mxus okyh ouLifr rFkk Qlyksa dh fdLeksa dk fuèkkZj.k djrs gSaA e`.e; vkSj nqeVh e`nk nksuksa gh xsg¡w vkSj pus tSlh Qlyksa dh [ksrh ds fy, mi;qDr gksrh gSaA ,slh e`nk dh ty /kkj.k {kerk vPNh gksrh gSA /ku ds fy,] e`fÙkdk ,oa tSo inkFkZ ls le`) rFkk vPNh ty /kj.k {kerk okyh e`nk vkn'kZ gksrh gSaA elwj vkSj vU; nkyksa ds fy, nqeVh e`nk dh vko';drk gksrh gS]
  • 74. 1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk 2-nqeVh e`nk 3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh 4-e`.e; 5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½ /kku xsgw¡ dikl elwj xsgw¡vkSj pus
  • 75. 1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk 2-nqeVh e`nk 3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh 4-e`.e; 5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½ /kku xsgw¡ dikl elwj xsgw¡vkSj pus
  • 76. 1- e`.e; vkSj nqeVhe`nk 2-nqeVh e`nk 3-cyqbZ vkSj nqeVh 4-e`.e; 5-e`fRrdk ¼fpduh feV~Vh½ /kku xsgw¡ dikl elwj xsgw¡vkSj pus