39. Pile Foundation
A Pile foundation, a kind of deep foundation, can be defined as a slender
column or long cylinder made of materials such as concrete or steel which
are used to support the structure and transfer the load at desired depth
either by end bearing
A foundation is described as 'piled' when its depth is more than three
times its breadth.
Foundation piles are usually used for large structures and in situations
where the soil at shallow depth is not suitable to resist excessive settlement,
resist uplift, etc.
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43. Sheet Piles
This type of piles is mostly used to provide lateral support. Usually, they resist lateral pressure from loose soil,
the flow of water, etc.
Load Bearing Piles
This type of building pile foundation is mainly used to transfer the vertical loads from the structure to the soil
End Bearing Piles
In this type of piles foundation, the loads pass through the lower tip of the pile. The bottom end of the end-
bearing piles rests on a strong layer of soil or rock.
Friction Pile
The Friction pile transfers the load from the structure to the soil by the frictional force between the surface of
the pile and the soil surrounding the pile such as stiff clay, sandy soil etc.
Soil Compactor Piles
This type of pile does not carry any direct loads. This type of piles is driven at placed closed intervals to increase
the bearing capacity of soil by compacting.
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46. A plinth beam is a type of beam that is provided at the ground level in a framed structure
and is also known as a Tie Beam as it holds the columns in place. The length and
slenderness ratio of a column is reduced by using plinth beams.
Plinth beams are primarily used to connect all the columns when the depths of the
foundation are quite high. They also act as supplementary supports in avoiding differential
settlement, maintaining the plinth plan properly and preventing difficulties in constructing
walls.
Plinth Beam
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64. Facing bonds in brick masonry are
mostly adopted for thick walls, where
the facing and backing are chosen to
be constructed with bricks of different thicknesses
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66. This type of bond uses stretcher bricks on edges instead of bed. This bond is weak in
strength, but is economical. Hence it is used for garden walls, compound walls etc.
Bricks are kept standing vertically on end. The bricks are arranged as headers and
stretchers in such a manner that headers are placed on bed and stretchers are placed
on edge thus forming a continuous cavity
Brick on Edge Bond
67.
68. In this bond type, the bonding bricks are laid at any angle except zero or ninety degrees.
This type of arrangement helps to increase the longitudinal stability of thick walls’ built-
in English bonds.
In this pattern of bonding, the space between the all external stretchers of a wall
is filled using bricks inclined to the face of the wall
Raking Bond
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84.
85. • Framed and Panelled doors
• Glazed or sash doors
• Flush Doors
• Louvered doors
• Wire gauged doors
• Revolving doors
• Sliding doors
• Swing doors
• Collapsible steel doors
• Rolling Steel Shutter doors
• Corrugated steel doors
• Hollow metal doors and Metal Covered plywood doors
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100. Internal construction
• Internal construction is the process of preparing the interior of
a newly constructed building or renovating an existing space to
create a functional office, store, restaurant or home for existing
or future tenants. This process is generally, a collaboration
between the architect, interior designer and general
Contractor.
