IBM 537 UITM

1. REGION 8 AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA AND
ANTARTICA
IBM 537

2. WORLD MAP

3. Australia , Oceania and Antarctica Region

4. 1.0 Introduction: The Regional Influence Of The Sea
• Australia , Oceania ,and Antarctica encompass
a wide range of historical influences, religious
traditions, linguistic diversity and economic
goals.
• The region is a geographic transition zone
• The British established port and trade facilities
on the coast of Australia and New Zealand and
tried to reproduce their western culture.
• Britain establish strong link between this region
• United states and Britain infiltrated many
island in the region during the 1800s
• The region is containing extreme diversity in
material wealth
• Antarctica comprises a very unique and
geographically distinctive site
Figure 1.1 at the Australian international cricket day

5. Natural Environment
• The natural environment of Australia, Oceania
and Antarctica range from those influenced by
expansive landmass areas to those influencing
hundreds of small islands.
• The region physical formation range from
young volcanic islands and coral reefs to some
of the world oldest landscapes.
• The long-term geographic isolation of some
lands in this region gave them a unique flora
and fauna.
Tasmania Devil
Silver Fern

6. 2.0 Climate in Australia, Oceania and
Antarctica
• 2.1 Climatic variation in Australia and New Zealand
• 2.2 Tropical Ocean Climates
• 2.3 Antarctica Harsh Polar Climates

7. 2.1) Climatic Variation in Australia and New Zealand
Arid and Semi Arid
• Australia’s climates are dominated by its arid continental interior.
• Water shortage are the permanent characteristic of the much of the continent.
• Climate 33 ℃ − 37℃

8. 2.2) Tropical Ocean Climates
• The islands of Oceania are nearly all situated in the tropical latitude.
• There are 2 season in tropical ocean climates which is wet season and
dry season.
• Temperatures in Oceanic are consistently warm throughout the year.
• Oceania’s temperature regimes are only slightly modified by winds,
storms and elevation.
• The temperature ranges from 20℃ to 35℃.
• Example Countries that are affected is Fiji , Nauru and Solomon island

9. 2.3) Antarctica’s Harsh Polar Climate
• The climate of Antarctica is the coldest on the whole of Earth .
• Lowest naturally occurring temperature ever recorded
-89.2℃ −128.6℉
• Surrounding islands are covered by ice.
• Coastal areas of Antarctica are slightly warmer temperature

10. 3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM
• 3.1 Natural Hazard
• 3.2 Pollution , Erosion , and Mining Excavation

11. 3.1 Natural Hazard
• Threats from typhoon, floods , drought , earthquake, and volcanic
eruptions affect various part of the region.
• 1995 eruption of Mount Ruapehu on the North Island of New Zealand
• A 6.3 magnitude earthquake occurred 6miles from Christchurch, New
Zealand’s second largest city in February 2011.
• Ice melt from anthropogenic climate change on Antarctica could open
the continent for settlement and resource exploration
• Sea level rise .

12. 1995 eruption of Mount Ruapehu
6.3 magnitude earthquake in
Christchurch, New Zealand
Ice melts in Antarctica

13. 3.2 Pollution , Erosion , and Mining Excavations
• Farmer in Western Australia felled trees that previously helped to
balance water table and the force wind near the ground , but
resulting increase of wind erosion and rise the water table led to
surface salinization .
• Environmentalist and Aborigines reverse some of the environmental
degradation caused by decades of mining extraction .
• New Zealand which is known for strong environmental awareness still
faces issues of soil erosion and air and water pollution.
• South pacific island is spoiled by the dumping of oil and other
materials from commercial ocean vessel .

14. Wind erosion in Australia
Water pollution in New
Zealand
Oil pollution

15. 4.0 Cultural history
• 4.1 Australia, New Zealand , and the Pacific Islands
• 4.2 Colonial Developments and Independence

16. 4.1 Australia , New Zealand, and the Pacific
Island
• The indigenous people of Australia , New Zealand , and the Pacific Ocean islands included ethnic
and culture groups whose origins are still debated
• The population of the island are contain mixtures of Melanesian, Polynesian , Micronesian , and
mainland Asian heritage
• There were between 200,000 and 500,00 indigenous Aborigines present in Australia in the late
1700s when the Europeans arrived.
• The aborigines were nomadic hunters and gatherers living in the communities or clan and
speaking 200 different languages.
• The Maoris of New Zealand came from the wider south Pacific around the AD 800s.
• They drove out and replaced Moriori.
• The inhabitants of the South Pacific oceanic Island are distributed over the vast territory
• There are grouped in 3 categories Melanesian , Micronesian and Polynesian

17. 4.2 Colonial Developments and Independence
Australia
• Dutch were the first Europeans to discover Terra Australis, the Southland in 1600s.
• The British next explored Australia’s coast but the initial conclusions of the Europeans was that
Australia held little economic or settlement for Europe.
• More promising reports concerning the potential of Australia came from surveys of Captain James
crook and others in 1770s.
• British used it as a penal settlements for the first few decades, which served to replace the British
Empire’s loss of America to independence.
• Settlement’s increased in the early 1800s after initial problems of food supply led to
improvements in government administration and the issuance of free land grants that
encouraged sheep farming.
• Most of the convicts placed in Britain’s Australia based on penal system come from the most
materially impoverished neighbourhoods of British cities.

18. • A gold-mining boom in the 1850s drew speculators and new settlers to Australia.
• In 1800s, British groups established five new colonies around the Australia coasts, each with its
own main port city.
• The Commonwealth of Australia became a federal country within British Empire in 1901, the five
colonies becomes states in the new Australia federal system.
• The European took a little account of Australia’s Aborigines and many died from disease and
oppression.
• The Tasmanian Aborigines were wiped out by 1876 and the numbers of Aborigines on the
mainland were reduced to fewer than 75,000 by 1933.
• Attempts to integrate Aborigines into Australian life in the 1990s partly succeeded in health and
education terms and they now number 300,000.

19. Five new colonies

20. Aboriginal people in Australia

21. New Zealand
• Maoris resisted British missionaries and whalers in the 1700s and early 1800s.
• It was not until after 1840s that the British government encouraged the immigration of farming
settlers.
• The British agreed to respect Maori land ownership as it took over New Zealand.
• A short gold rush brought speculators in the 1860s.
• More sheep farmers became established as technological advance in refrigerated shipping made
it possible to export fresh meat to Europe from 1880s.
• New Zealand gained dominion with the large degree of political autonomy within the British
Commonwealth in 1907.

22. Maoris people in New Zealand

23. Pacific Islands
• The United Kingdom was the main colonizer of the Pacific Islands, including Fiji, Kiribati (Gilbert
Islands), Tonga, Tuv`alu (Ellice Islands), some of the Solomon Islands, Southeast New Guinea and
parts of modern Vanuatu, which was shared with French.
• Guam and Marinas were Spanish colonies until taken over by United States as protectorates just
after 1900.
• The French colonized New Caledonia and the islands around Tahiti, which, like some Caribbean
islands, remain part of France.
• Political decisions continue to be made by the French government in Paris.
• The German were active in this area during the 1880s, when they took the Marshall Islands,
together with Nauru, Western Samoa, Northeastern New Guinea, and some of the Solomon
islands.
• All were lost to the United States, Britain, Australia, or New Zealand in World war I

24. 5.0 ORGANIZATION ECONOMIC TRADE AND
DEVELOPMENT
• 5.1 South Pacific Forum

25. • Its aim is to develop regional political cooperation between the independent countries of the
pacific ocean
• Establish in 1971 as the South Pacific Forum
• In 1999 the name was changed to Pacific Island Forum
• Links to 18 states member
• The Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat is located at Suva, capital of Fiji.
• Function : to provide a setting for heads of government to discuss common issues and
problems facing the independent and self-governing states of the South Pacific.
5.1 PACIFIC ISLAND FORUM

26. 18 member of Pacific Island Forum ( PIF )

27. Subregion in Australia, Oceanic and Antarctica
• Australia and New Zealand
• Oceania
• Antarctica

28. AUSTRALIA

29. Economic Activities in Australia

30. 1) Service
Kangaroo Bus line
Kangaroo bus
• Bus and coach operator
• Holiday Tours, Education tours , Business tours
• Located : Moreton Bay region, Brisbane

31. 2) Manufacturing
Holden
• Automobile
• known as General Motors Holden
• founded in 1856
• Located : Port Melbourne, Australia
Holden Calais

32. 3) Agriculture
ABB Grain
• Australia’s largest agribusiness.
• Product : grain, malt, wool, fertiliser
• Founded in 1939
• Located : Adelaide, Australia

33. NEW ZEALAND

34. Economic activities in New Zealand

35. 1) Services
AJ Hackett Bungy
• Tourism
• Activities, Bungy jump, Nevis swing
• The world’s first commercial Bungy operation
• Founded in 1988
• Located : Queenstown, New Zealand

36. 2) Mining
Solid Energy
• Largest coal mining in New Zealand
• Product: Coal, renewable energy fuel
• Founded in 1987
• Located : Christchurch, New Zealand

37. 2) Agriculture
Talley’s group limited
• Fisheries and meat works industry
• Product : Seafood, vegetables and dairy products
• Founded : 1936
• Located : Motueka, New Zealand

38. OCEANIA

39. List of the country in Oceania
Papua New
Guinea
Fiji Solomon
Islands
Vanuatu Samoa Kiribati
Tonga Micronesia Marshall
Islands
Palau Nauru Tuvalu

40. Flag of countries in Oceania

41. Economic activities in Oceania

42. 1)Services
Etpison Museum
• Tourism
• Founded in 1999
• Located in Korror, Palau
• Palau history, culture and legends

43. 2) Mining
Ok Tedi Mine
• Copper and Gold mining
• Located : Tabubil, Papua New Guinea
• Founded in 1963
Ok Tedi Mine

44. 3) Manufacturing
Danam Fiji Limited
• Clothes and fabric manufacturers
• Founded in 1981
• Located: lautoka, Fiji

45. Antarctica

46. Economic activities in Antarctica

47. 1) Service
Deception Island
• Tourism Attraction
• This islands is an active volcano
• Located : South Shetlands island, Antartica

48. 2) Agriculture
Fishing industry
• South Georgia Island, Antarctica
• The fisheries of Antarctica target three main species: Patagonian and
Antarctica Toothfish, Mackerel Icefish, and Krill.
Patagonian toothfish

49. 6.0 Antarctica
• 6.1 Antarctica global status

50. 6.1 Antarctica’s Global Status
• Begin with Captain James Cook’s voyages to the Southern Ocean in late 1700s
• Discovering existed beyond the foggy, ice filled waters.
• Interest of furthering geographic science combined with prestige politics in the late
1800s
• In December 1959, 12 countries signed the original Antarctic Treaty
• In 1991, the Wellington Agreement banned commercial mining activities and
introduced protection regulations.
• The Antarctic treaty system (ATS) prohibits any military use of or weapons testing on
Antarctica.
• The main interest in Antarctica in early 2000s is role as a laboratory for monitoring
global climate change and study
• The development of the ozone hole above it and extent of ice on the continent and the
surrounding oceans.