IBM 537 UITM

1. REGION 6 :
NORTHERN AFRICA &
SOUTHWESTERN ASIA

2. Location map of Northern Africa and
South western Asia

3. Figure 1 : LOCATION OF COUNTRIES IN NORTHERN AFRICA AND
SOUTHWESTERN ASIA

4. 8.1 introduction
Westerners called as Middle East
The term Middle East is an ethnocentric ( Eurocentric ) that describe lands by
their location relative to Europe
Influential and contentious politically
3 mains religion ( Islam, Judaism, Christianity )
Main sources of the world’s oil
Existence of new political boundaries due to European control
Uneven distributions of oil and water resources
Existence of war
Existence of dictatorships and authoritarian governments

5. 8.2 natural environments
8.2.1 CLIMATES
• DRY ARID CLIMATES
• MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATES
• TROPICAL RAINY CLIMATES
8.2.2ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
• DESERTIFICATION
• OIL POLLUTION
• AIR POLLUTION

6. 8.2.1climates
1. Dry ( Arid ) Climates
 Evaporation rates are greater than precipitation.
 Al’Aziziyah, Libya the world’s highest recorded shade temperature
58’C or 136’F. Lack of cloud cover makes nights cool or cold and
freezes are possible in winter.
 Large areas of desert have little vegetation and are gravel strewn,
rocky or sand covered.
Figure 2 : Process of Dry Climates

7. 2. Mediterranean Climates
 2 season ( Summer and Winter ) Summer
is longer than winter and winter is very
mild due to changes in ocean currents
and water temperature.
 Almost no rain during summer but most
rain falls during winter.
Figure 3 : Animals and plants that live in there

8. 3. Tropical Rainy Climates
 Falls irregularly and with increasing uncertainty as aridity
increase.
 Rainy winters of the coast of North Africa and the eastern
Mediterranean is caused by the seasonal southward shift of mid
latitude frontal weather systems.
 Mountains of Turkey and Iran force air to rise, in turn causing
rains and snow.
 Winter snowfall provides meltwater that feeds the Tigris
Euphrates River system in spring.
 Southern Sudan, summer rains comes from the northward
movement of the equatorial rainy belt.

9. 8.2.2Environmental problems
1. Desertification
- Land degradation in arid, semi arid and sub
humid areas due to climatic variations and
human activities.
- -Irrigation farming in arid areas requires good
management to prevent salinization.
- High rates of evaporation from drawing salt to
the surface soil which reduces or destroys
crop productivity known as salinization.
Figure 4 : Desertification

10. 2. Oil pollution
- Major polluter : Oil Industry
- Persian Gulf : primarily from oil carriers
cleaning out their tanks, accidents and
leakage from oil pipelines and terminals.
- Problems : respiratory problems and death
of animal and plant life.
Figure 5 : Safaniya Oil Field
Figure 6 : Persian Gulf War Oil Spill

11. 3. Air pollution
-Major polluter: Mining area El Guettar
M’Dilla basin at Southwestern Tunisia.
-Problems : human diseases, premature
death, reducing economic activities.
Figure 7 : El Guettar M’Dilla

12. 8.3.1FIRST CIVILIZATION
8.3.2RELIGION
• JUDAISM
• CHRISTIANITY
• ISLAM
8.3.3LANGUAGE
8.3.4EMPIRES & COLONIES
• PERSIAN DYNASTIES
• OTTOMAN TURKS
• EUROPEAN COLONIES AND PROTECTORATE
8.3 CULTURAL AND POLITICAL HISTORY WITHIN A
WIDER WORLD

13. 8.3.1FIRST CIVILIZATIONS
-The Tigris Euphrates River Valley of Mesopotamia
(modern Iraq) & The Nile River Valley formed two of the
world’s early culture hearths.
-This region act as a hub (centre) with constant movements
of people to & from Northern Africa, Europe & China.
-Existence of empires : Babylonians, Assyrians and
Egyptians.
-These empires gave way to external control from Persia,
Greece, Rome & Byzantine before the AD600s expansion of
Muslim Arabs.
Figure 8 : Location of Mesopotamia

14. 8.3.2 RELIGIONS
1. Judaism
- The first monotheistic religion.
- Worship Yahweh only one god, creator and lawgiver.
- Begin in Israel and Palestine brought by Abraham & his
descendants after moving from Mesopotamia.
- Jewish beliefs focus on the historic role of family based on
Abraham, persecution beginning with Slavery, in Egypt,
redemption as Moses led the people out from Egypt & their
occupation of the promised land.
- -At the time of Jesus, many Jews expected a military leader
messiah to end the Roman occupation but then it
destroyed Jerusalem & dispersed the Jews through
Southwestern Asia, Northern Africa & Europe.
Figure 9 : Symbol of Judaism and
the way they dressing

15. 2. Christianity
- Begin as Jews because they believed that Jesus of
Nazareth was the messiah.
- Spread across Southwestern Asia and into Africa
and Europe.
- Roman emperor Constantine declared Christianity
as their empire’s official religion.
- Occur division between the Eastern (Orthodox)
centred in Constantinople and Western (Catholic).
- The eastern church is centred in Constantinople.
- The largest Christian sect in this region today is
the Coptic Church with a pope.
Figure 10 : Symbol of Christianity

16. 3. Islam
- Muhammad founded Islam in Arabia (Mecca & Medina) during the
early AD 600s.
- The followers of the religion are called Muslims (those who submit
to Allah).
- The Quran (the holy book) is believed by Muslims to be the word of
Allah revealed to Muhammad.
- After the death of Muhammad, Islam are spread widely throughout
the world & creating new series of empires & also led to the Golden
Age of artistic & scientific achievements. ( Masjid Al-Aqsa )
- The Sunnis are the majority Muslim group & base their life way of life
on the Qu’ran.
- The Shias are the group that holds that Muhammad designated Ali
bin Abu Talib as his successor. Shia muslims were known for
commemorating and lamenting Hussein's death by flagellation and
withdrawal from the world as they awaited Al-Mahdi's return. Figure 11 : The Holy Quran

17. 8.3.3LANGUAGES
1. Arabic
- 50% people spoken to this language in this region.
- As the first language.
2. Berber
- Primarily in Morocco and Algeria especially in atlas Mountain and the Sahara
Desert.
3. Hebrew
- Official languages of Israel.
4. Farsi
- Persian .
- Official languages for Iran.
5. Kurdish
- Straddle around Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran.

18. 8.3.4 pOLitical organization & control: empires
& colonies
1. PERSIAN DYNASTIES
-Invading Mongols ruled Persia until the 1400s
-The Shia-dominated Safavids reclaimed Persia & established a dynasty that lasted until
1722.
-The Shiite ulama (cleric scholars) asserted an early doctrine that only they were the true
interpreters of the Qu’ran & therefore leaders of Islamic communities.
-By 1722, they took political control from the Safavids but had no military forces to resist
the Afghans who rose against the governor of Kandahar & took Persia.
-Chaotic government followed.

19. 2. Ottoman Turks
- In 1500s, Turkish Ottoman Empire under Sulayman the Magnificient conquered the
Meditteranean coastlands as far as Morocco & took much of Balkan Europe.
- The early vigor of the Ottomans subsided into maintain their position & even attacking other
Muslims as they established control of Arab lands but Europeans countries eroded their
empire.
- The Ottomans did little after 1700s to encourage modernization or involvement in the
expanding global economic system.

20. 3. European Colonies and Protectorate
- From the 1800s, the North African coastlands became colonies or protectorates of France
(Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria), Italy (Libya) & Britian (Egypt, Sudan, Southern Arabian
Peninsula and Gulf) after the 1869 opening of the Suez Canal.
- During World War I, British & French built on Arab nationalism to expel the Turks from the
areas that became Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq & Arabian peninsula.
- Arab Southwest Asian gained independence in different ways from colonials overlords. The
area remained under the disintegrating Ottoman Empire until World War I, after which the
League of Nations made Syria & Lebanon French protectorates. The rest was placed under
British protection.
- The British protection guaranteed the survival of the kingdoms they established including
Jordan, Iraq & the small emirates along the Persian Gulf.
- In 1970s, seven emirs united as the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
- Animosities against former Turkish & European colonial powers that were generated by
colonial decisions such as the establishment of the country of Israel.

21. 8.4.1GLOBAL ORGANIZATION
• THE ARAB LEAGUE
• PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION (PLO)
• ORGANIZATION OF THE ISLAMIC CONFERENCE (OIC)
• ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COMPANIES (OPEC)
8.4.2WATER POLITICS
8.4 GLOBAL SIGNIFICANCE

22. • Founded : March 22, 1945
• Founder : Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Emirate of
Transjordan, Kingdom of Egypt, Kingdom of
Iraq, Syrian Republic
• Headquarters: Cairo, Egypt
• Members : 7 countries increased 22 more
• Main reason: To encourage the united opposition of Arab
countries to the establishment of Israel.
1. ARAB LEAGUE
8.4.1GLOBAL ORGANIZATION

23. Founded : May 28, 1964, Jerusalem, Palestine
Founder : Arab League, Ahmad Shukeiri
Leader : Mahmoud Abbas
Headquarters : Ramallah
Main reason : A political organization providing an
umbrella for many smaller groups
that demand a country for Palestinians
2. PALESTINE LIBERATION
ORGANIZATION (PLO)

24. Founded : September 25,1969
Leader : Yousef Al-Othaimeen
Membership : 57 members ( inc. Pakistan, Indonesia and
Nigeria )
Official language : Arabic, English and French
Headquarters : Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ( if succeed in Jerusalem )
Main priority :
-To return Jerusalem to Muslim control
-Preserve Islamic social and economic values; promote
solidarity amongst member states, increase cooperation in
social, economic, cultural, scientific, and political areas,
uphold international peace and security; and advance
education, particularly in the fields of science and technology
3. ORGANIZATION OF THE
ISLAMIC CONFERENCE (OIC)

25. Founded : September 1960, Baghdad, Iraq
Founders : Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo, Abdullah Tariki
Headquarters : Vienna, Austria
Members : 14 nations
Main purpose :
-To work as a cartel ( an organization that coordinates the interest
of producing countries by regulating oil prices )
-To coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member
countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets, in order to
secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to
consumers, a steady income to producers, and a fair return on
capital for those investing in the petroleum industry.
4. ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM
EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC)

26. 1. NILE TIGRIS EUPHRTES RIVER VALLEY
2. THE JORDAN RIVER
3. ASWAN HIGH DAM
4. TURKISH GOVERNMENT
5. DESALINATION PLANTS
6. ISRAEL, GAZA AND WEST BANK
8.4.2 Water politics

27. 1. Nile and Tigris Euphrates River Valley
• Based on irrigation water and many locals bring water to areas of use.
• The renewable supplies such as rain and snow fall feeding rivers are meagre.
• Other than that, their underground reservoirs that are virtually non-renewable.
• Growth of population, irrigation farming, the rise of oil industry have led to greater demands
for water.
• Resulted in conflicts.

28. 2. The Jordan River
• Water is not evenly distributed
• Jordan River is small, it is crucial for countries who depends on it.
• These rivers flows more than one country.
• Creates a need for cooperation between government and creating or exacerbating political
conflict where agreements cannot be reached.
• Conflict may increase due to the scarcity of fresh water because of rapid growth of
population.
• Between 1975 and 2001, the amount of freshwater available to each person dropped by more
than half.

29. 3. Aswan High Dam
• In 1959, the Egyptian and Sudanese governments signed the Nile Waters Agreement which
led to the building of Aswan High Dam.
• Aswan High Dam is to store sufficient water and generate electricity.
• Lake Nasser behind the dam stored 3 times Egypt’s annual water, Sudan receives only 13
percent of the annual flow.
• Eventhough, theres a dispute between them they still continue to have with each other to
contest the use of the water with countries in the upper Nile River (Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya
and Tanzania).
• The expectation towards Aswan High Dam to ensure Egypt’s water needs for 50 years was
proved wrong.
• Due to that, Aswan had to reduced to maintain flow through the year.

30. 4. The Turkish Government
• The Turkish government constructed a series of dam (more than 20 dams) to divert water
from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers for irrigation projects.
• These irrigation projects divert water from Iraq and Syria led to tensions between Turkey and
these 2 countries.

31. 5. Desalination Plants
• To provide freshwater, the region’s wealthier countries invested heavily in desalination plants
which make sea water usable.
• This region account for almost half of the world’s desalination capacity.
• Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates account for about 30% of the world’s capacity and
contain the world’s 10 largest desalination plants.
• Plus, Saudi Arabia receives about 70% of it freshwater from it desalination.
• Desalination is very energy intensive and consumes much of the region’s oil supplies.
• Governments are planning nuclear power plants to supply the energy needed for
desalination.

32. 6. Israel, Gaza and The West Bank
• They occupy a small area of land between the Mediterranean coast and the Jordan River
Valley.
• The terrain (land) includes a coastal plain and mostly hilly land with lower areas around Lake
Tiberias (Sea of Galilee) and along the Jordan River to the Dead Sea.
• Although, Israel receives winter rain, the total rainfall is low and summer drought brings
water shortages.
• Due to that, Israel made great efforts to supply water to dry areas and to manage the
environment efficiently.
• Despite such careful management, internal groundwater sources are now fully used and
Israel relies on external sources for 25% of its water.
• Brackish water is use for some farming but can damage the soil if too much is used over many
seasons.
• Israel retains jurisdiction over the West Bank and the Golan Heights both for defense and
access to water.
• Lastly, they made a peace negotiation with Jordan included agreement on the use of Jordan
River basin waters.

33. 8.5 SUBREGIONS
• 8.5.1 Northern Africa
• 8.5.2 The Nile River Valley
• 8.5.3 Arab Southwest Asia
• 8.5.4 Israel&Palestinian territories

34. 8.5.1 Northern Africa
8.5.1.1 list of countries in North Africa
8.5.1.2 Economic activities

35. 8.5.1.1 list of countries in NORTH AFRICA
1. Algeria
2. Libya
3. Morocco ( with Western Sahara )
4. Tunisia
* The northern parts of Morocco,
Algeria & Tunisia are dominated by the
atlas mountains known as Maghreb.
Figure Location for countries in North Africa

36. 8.5.1.2 Economic Activities
1. AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY
2. SERVICE INDUSTRY
3. SERVICE INDUSTRY

37. • Founded: 1998
• Founder: Issad Rebrab
• Headquarters: New Quay, Port of Bejaia, Algeria
• Type: Join stock company
•
• Products: oil refinery, sugar refinery, margarine
production unit, mineral water packaging unit, a
unit for producing and packaging refreshing
drinks, cannery, port silos as well as a terminal for
port unloading.
1. AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY

38. 2. SERVICE INDUSTRY
- Sector : Railroads
- Name of Company : ONCF
- Location : Rabat , Morocco

39. 3. SERVICE INDUSTRY
- Sector : Pharmaceuticals
- Name of Company : Saida Group
- Location : Annaba, Algeria

40. 4. OIL & NATURAL GAS
• Algeria & Libya export oil and gas.
Hassi Mesoud Oil Field

41. CEO: Amine Mazouzi
Owner: Politics of Algeria
Founded: December 1963
Number of employees: 120,000
Headquarters: Hydra, Algeria
CEO: A.A Ammar
Founded: 1956 but discovered oil on 1959
Number of employees: 5500
Headquarters: Tripoli, Libya

42. 8.5.2nile rivervalley
8.5.2.1 list of countries in nile river valley
8.5.2.2 economic activities

43. 8.5.2 List of countries in NILE river valley
1. Egypt
1. Sudan
Figure location of Egypt and Sudan

44. 8.5.2.2 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
1. SERVICES INDUSTRY
2. SERVICE INDUSTRY
3. MINING INDUSTRY

45. 1. SERVICES INDUSTRY
- Sector : Banking
- Name of Company : Commercial International Bank
- Location : Cairo, Egypt

46. 2. SERVICE INDUSTRY
- Sector : Railroads
- Name of company : Egyptian National Railway
- Location : Cairo

47. 3. MINING
- Sector : Oil and gas exploration and production
- Name of company : PetroDar
- Location : Khartoum

48. 8.5.3Arab southwest asia
8.5.3.1 LIST OF COUNTIRES IN ARAB SOUTHWEST ASIA
8.5.3.2 Economic Development
- IMPACTS OF FLUCTUATING INCOME ON OIL PRODUCING COUNTRIES
- DIVERSITIFICATION IN OIL PRODUCING COUNTRIES
- NON OIL WEALTH
8.5.3.3 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

49. OMAN
IRAQ JORDAN ARAB SAUDIA
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES YEMEN
KUWAIT LEBANESE
BAHRAIN
QATAR
8.5.3.1 list of countries in ARAB SOUTHWEST ASIA
SYRIAN

50. Oil Producing Countries Non/Little Oil Producing Countries
• United Arab Emirates
• Bahrain
• Iraq
• Kuwait
• Oman
• Qatar
• Saudi Arabia
• Jordan
• Syrian
• Yemen
• Lebanese

51. 8.5.3.2 Economic development
- Arab Southwest Asia has major economic differences between countries with high oil
revenues and those that produce little or no oil.
- The different levels of income are reflected in the ownership of consumer goods and total
income.
- The richer countries bordering the Persian Gulf sit on huge oil reserves that has brought high
incomes.
- They have small population so they rely on immigrant labor and wealth are not distributed
widely.
- For small oil poor countries, they are rich in labor and some capacity of agriculture.

52. - Before the boom of oil economic, they based on low intensity farming by exporting dates and
citrus fruits from the best-watered places in southern Iraq and along the Mediterranean
coasts.
- The oil income changed countries economies by adding wealth but creating dependence on
oil.
- OPEC’s actions in the 1970’s resulted in huge increases in the price of oil that brought the
newly rich oil-producing countries of the gulf to strategic places in the global political and
economic systems.
- The income from oil enriched industrialization, agricultural, better roads, airports, health
services, education and increase living standard.
- Diversified economy : is one in which manufactured goods are more important than primary
product and a variety of manufactured products is joined by a growing service sector.
IMPACTS OF FLUCTUATING INCOME ON OIL PRODUCING COUNTRIES.

53. DIVERSIFICATION IN OIL PRODUCING COUNTRIES
- The oil-exporting countries spend a large proportion of their income in food imports as it is a
need because of the increasing population.
- Although they made major investment in home-based irrigated agriculture . Cost are very
high and production is uneconomical compared to world prices.
- Manufacturing development began with the building of oil-refining capacity to replace the
direct export of crude oil to European refineries.
- From that, the other secondary activities based on the materials produced from oil take
advantage by processing the raw material.

54. NON OIL WEALTH
• Oil-producing countries have reaped huge profits from high oil prices in the 2000s. These is
called as petrodollars are invested around the world.
• They accounted for only 11% of all foreign investment in 1995 but increased to
approximately 36% in 2016.
• Petrodollars are being redirected elsewhere, particularly in Asia.

55. 8.5.3.2 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES : OIL PRODUCING COUNTRY
- SERVICES INDUSTRY
- MINING INDUSTRY
- SERVICE INDUSTRY

56. - SERVICES INDUSTRY
- Sector : Banking
- Location : Jeddah and Vice Governor, Saudi Arabia
- Name of Company : Saudi Arabia Monetary Authority
(SAMA)

57. - MINING INDUSTRY
- Sector : Exploration and Production
- Name of Company : Missan Oil Company
- Location : Amarah, Iraq

58. - SERVICE INDUSTRY
- Sector : Mobile Telecommunication
- Name of Company : Zain
- Location : Kuwait City

59. Economic activities :
Little oil or non-producing oil
- SERVICE INDUSTRY
- INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRY
- SERVICE INDUSTRY

60. 1. SERVICE INDUSTRY
- Sector :Consumer goods
- Name of Company : Tabbah
- Location : Beirut, Lebanon

61. 1. INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRY
- Sector : Railroads
- Name of Company : Aqaba Railway Corporation
- Location : Aqaba, Jordan

62. • SERVICES INDUSTRY
- Sector : Airlines
- Name Of Company : FlyDamas
- Location : Damascus

63. 8.5.4
Israel&
Palestinian
territories
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_1A_zq9pXs

64. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UKGc5o-QHAA

65. THANK YOU