This document provides an overview of basic metallurgy. It discusses the classification of materials, including metals and alloys, ceramics, polymers, and composites. The key metallurgy processes of casting, forming, welding, and powder metallurgy are described. Advanced materials like electronic materials, biomaterials, and nanomaterials are also introduced. The document is authored by K. Sevugarajan of Metz Lab Pvt. Ltd and provides their contact information.
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1. Introduction Ages
Basic steps in metallurgy
Materials:
Substances of which something is composed or made.
Every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one
degree or another by materials.
Material Science:
Investigating the relationship between the structure and
properties of the materials
Metallurgy:
The science and technology of extracting metals from
their natural sources and preparing them for practical use
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1. Introduction Ages
Basic steps in metallurgy
Age of Steel
Petroleum Age
Industrial Age
Age of Flight
Space Age -Sputnik
Nuclear Age
Computer Age
Composite Material Age
Nano Tech Age
Green Age ?
Modern Metal
Age consists of
many overlapping
Technical Ages
after 1300
Basic ages of
metals in the
ancient world
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1. Introduction Ages
Basic steps in metallurgy
The development of metallurgy was a long, and
sometimes devious process that involved five basic steps.
1. Identifying and discovering its usefulness
2. Locating metals in quantity
3. Mining the ores.
4. Smelting the metal.
5. Shaping the metal into something useful.
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2. Material science
Structure
Property
Processing
Performance
The structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of
its internal components.
subatomic atomic microscopic macroscopic
Electrons within
individual atom
and interaction
with nuclei
Organization
of atoms or
molecules related
to one another
Large groups of
atoms, direct
observation
by microscope
Structural elements
may be viewed
with naked eye
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2. Material science
Structure
Property
Processing
Performance
Property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of
response to a specific imposed stimulus.
Mechanical
(Strength, Hardness,
Ductility, Stiffness)
Electrical
(Electrical conductivity,
Dielectric constant)
Thermal
(Heat capacity,
Thermal conductivity)
Magnetic
(Magnetic moment,
Magnetic permeability)
Optical
(Refraction index,
Reflectivity)
Deteriorative
(Corrosion)
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4. Advanced Materials
Materials that are utilized in high-technology applications are
sometimes termed advanced materials.
• Electronic materials
• Bio materials
• Nano materials
Electronic materials
Bio materials
Nano materials
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4. Advanced Materials
Electronic materials
Semi conductor
• Have electrical properties that are intermediate between the
electrical conductors and insulators.
Electrical characteristics are extremely sensitive to impurity
concentration
Si, Ge, ZnO
Super conductor
• A superconductor is a material that can conduct electricity or
transport electrons from one atom to another with no resistance.
Tl7Sn2Ba2MnCu10O20+
Electronic materials
Bio materials
Nano materials
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4. Advanced Materials
Bio materials
Electronic materials
Bio materials
Nano materials
Employed in components implanted into the human body for
replacement of diseased or damaged body parts.
not produce toxic substances
be compatible with body tissues
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4. Advanced Materials
Nano materials
It enables to carefully arrange atoms to develop mechanical,
electrical, magnetic, and other properties. “Bottom-up”
sciences called nanotechnology.
Nano = 10-9, nanotechnology < 100 nm
equivalent 500 atom diameters
Electronic materials
Bio materials
Nano materials
Carbon based nanotubes
Bucky Ball (C60)
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5.Metallurgy process
Casting
Forming
Welding
Powder metallurgy
Forming
Forming operations change the geometry of the starting
material without cutting it.
Rolling: Compressive deformation process in which the thickness of a plate is
reduced by squeezing it through two rotating cylindrical rolls.
Forging: The work piece is compressed between two opposing dies so that
the die shapes are imparted to the work.
Extrusion: The work material is forced to flow through a die opening taking
its shape
Drawing: The diameter of a wire or bar is reduced by pulling it through a die
opening (bar drawing) or a series of die openings (wire drawing)