7. How do Arthropods support themselves and move?
Each segment bound by four plates - dorsal tergite, ventral
sternite, and two lateral pleurites.
Muscle bands attach to apodemes.
Biology Alsaqabi -20197
9. How do Arthropods feed and digest?
Complete gut with regional specialization.
Foregut - food intake, transport, storage, mechanical digestion
(jaws,الفكوك pharynx ,البلعوم gizzard القانصه ).
Midgut االوسط املعى - extracellular digestion, nutrient uptake
(cecae,االعور digestive gland اهلاضمة ,الغدة hepatopancreas).
Hindgut - excretion of undigested material, water reabsorption.
Digestive اهلضمي -اجلهاز complex and
complete, mouthparts and gut modified for
food source.
Mouthparts modified and adapted for
different types of feeding biting, sucking,
piercing .
Biology Alsaqabi -20199
10. Heart arteries hemocoel collecting vessels
pericardium ostia heart
Circulatory System اجلهاز
الدوري
Gills in aquatic animals.
Respiratory structures depend on
habitat.
Circulation and respiration
Biology Alsaqabi -201910
11. Excretion اإلخراج
Excretory system
Malphigian tubules outpocketing of digestive tract outpocketing of digestive trac. Malpighian
tubules in arachnids and insects. Blind tubes extend into hemocoel and empty into gut.
Produce uric acid.
Excretory - coxal glands غددحرقفيه ; green glands الغددالخضراء ; Malpighian انابيبملبيجي tubules
The Malphigian Tubules انابيبملبيجي in Arthropods collect nitrogenous wastes in the tubules from
blood.
Biology Alsaqabi -201911
12. “Brain” is 2-3 ganglia
with specific
functions.
Ganglionated ventral
nerve cord.
How do Arthropods support themselves and move?
Sense organs (sensilla) protrude out of cuticle.
Can be slit in cuticle.
Membranous drums.
Chemoreceptors with thin cuticle.
Nervous- Dorsal brain; ventral
double nerve cord with ganglia
each segment; most behavior
innate.
o Ventral nerve cord, ganglia,
cerebral gangliaHighly
developed nervous/sensory
system
– brain, nerve cords,
segmental ganglia
– chemoreceptors
– Photoreceptors
• Well developed nervous
system
Compound eyes with many lenses
give Mosaic Vision or
multi-images
Arthropod
Appendages
Uniramous (1 branch)
- insects
Biramous
- crustaceans
Biology Alsaqabi -201912
13. INSECTS
There are two general types of metamorphosis: incomplete
and complete
1. Incomplete Metamorphosis – Hemimetabolous
2. Early developmental stages are very similar to the adults
Only the wings and the reproductive structures gradually
develop
The immature stages are called nymphs
Thus development is egg----> nymph ----> adult
Biology Alsaqabi -201913
15. 2. Complete Metamorphosis – Holometabolous
• Each of the developmental stages is structurally and functionally
very different
• The egg develops into an immature larva, that eats voraciously
• Larvae then forms a
transitional stage called
the pupa, that is often
contained within cocoon
• Within the pupal
exoskeleton a
metamorphosis takes
place and emerging
from the cocoon is a
sexually mature adult
insect
Biology Alsaqabi -201915
17. Crustaceans
• The typical larva hatching from
the egg is the Nauplius larva
• It has three pairs of
appendages: antennules,
antennae, and mandibles; all of
which tend to have a locomotor
function
• The larvae undergoes several
ecdyses and usually adds
somites and appendages with
each molt
• Crustaceans vary widely in
their developmental patterns
Diversity in Crustacean
Development
Biology Alsaqabi -201917
18. Mites and Ticks
• After the eggs there is usually an immature nymph, which is a tiny version of the adult
• The number of nymphal instars depends on the group in question
• Among the mites a six-legged larva becomes an eight-legged nymph after the first molt
• Most mites have 3 nymphal instars: protonymph, deuteronymph, and tritonymph
Drawing of bulb mite development stagesBiology Alsaqabi -201918
23. INSECTS
• Body is divided into 3 parts: the head, thorax and the abdomen.
• On the head are one pair of antennae and a pair of compound eyes and several sets of simple eyes
Insects Cont.
• The thorax is composed of 3 segments and each one has a pair of legs; he last two have a pair of
wings.
• Each leg is usually divided into 5 segments; the segments include basal segment or coxa, trochanter,
femur, tibia, and tarsus
Biology Alsaqabi -201923
24. Insects cont.
• Mouthparts of primitive insects were
adapted for chewing; consist of a pair of
mandibles, and two pairs of maxillae
• One pair of maxillae are fused together to
form a lower lip - labium
• There is an upper lip - labrum - formed
from an extension of the head
• Throughout evolution other types of
mouthparts have evolved:
•The cutting-sponging type - sharp-bladed
mandibles and long, styletlike maxillae
• The mouthparts of most nonbiting
dipterans are the sponging type
• The piercing-sucking type - mandibles,
maxillae, and a hypopharynx modified into a
long, thin, tubular, sharp-tipped stylet for
piercing skin
Biology Alsaqabi -201924
30. louse
• The head louse (Pediculus
humanus capitis) is an obligate
ectoparasite of human.
• Head lice are wingless insects
spending their entire life on
human scalp and feeding
exclusively on human blood.
• Humans are the only known
host of this specific parasite.
• Other species of lice infest
most orders of mammals and
all orders of birds.
Biology Alsaqabi -201930
31. Classification Pediculus
• Kingdom:- Animalia
• Phylum:- Arthropoda
• Class:- Insecta
• Order:- Phthiraptera
• Family:- Pediculidae
• Genus :- Pediculus
• Species :- P. humanus
• Subspecies:- P. h. capitis
Biology Alsaqabi -201931
32. All three types of lice:
• Are ectoparasites: lice live on the
surface of the host
• Move by crawling, as opposed to
flying
• Have humans as their only host
• Have similar life cycles
Head Lice Body Lice Pubic Lice
Biology Alsaqabi -201932
35. Lice Life Cycle
Lice stages:
1. Egg/nit
2. Nymph (3 molts)
3. Adult
Both nymphs and adults take blood
meals from the human host.
Biology Alsaqabi -201935
36. Scientific classification
Kingdom:- Animalia
Phylum:- Arthropoda
Class:- Insecta
Order:- Hemiptera
Suborder:- Heteroptera
Family:- Cimicidae
ex: Cimex lectularius
Cimex lectularius
Biology Alsaqabi -201936
• Bedbugs are parasitic insects that feed on
blood and prefer human blood, but will
also feed on chickens and other animals.
• Feeds on humans when they are sleeping
or sitting still for long periods of time.
• Their bite is painless.
Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius)
39. Mosquito classification
• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Arthropod
• Class: Insecta
• Order : Diptera
• Family: Culicidae
• Common Genus :
• Anopheles, Aedes, Culex
Biology Alsaqabi -201939
Flower pollination.
In some species of
mosquito, the females
feed on humans, and
are therefore vectors
for a number of
infectious diseases
affecting millions of
people per year.
Medical importance
40. Medical importance of culex
• Annoyance pest :
A mosquito bite may induce local
dermatitis or even systematic reaction in
sensitive persons.
• Disease Carrier:
Often a carrier of diseases, such as
Filariasis , encephalitis, yellow fever,
dengue fever, dog heartworm, West Nile
virus, and many others.
The females, who drink blood, can carry
disease from one animal to another as
they feed
• Malaria parasites are transmitted
from one person to another by the
female anopheline mosquito.
There are about 380 species of
anopheline mosquito, but only 60 or so
are able to transmit the parasite.
Biology Alsaqabi -201940
41. Mosquito morphology
Biology Alsaqabi -201941
Body is small, fragile, 3-6mm long.
A slightly shorter spread of its narrow wings.
Its body, like that of other insects, consists of head,
thorax, and abdomen.
The round head has a long proboscis (tubular
mouth part) and antennae.
In the male, long hairs on the antennae give these
appendages a feathery appearance.
Hairs on the antennae of the female are shorter.
The mosquito's slender legs are attached to the
triangular thorax.
The abdomen is long and narrow.
42. Distinguishing of sexes
1. Antenna: plumose in
male, pilose in female
2. Mouthparts: piercing
and sucking type.
3. Proboscis and 6
needles.
4. palp
5. Feeding
6. External genitalia
Biology Alsaqabi -201942
49. العقارب
Scorpion
Cephalothorax with median and lateral eyes
,pedipalps,4 pair legs.
anterior and posterior abdomen end with
stinger
Class Arachnida:
Order Scorpiones: Scorpions
Biology Alsaqabi -201949
54. • Ticks have two body regions.
• Young have six legs, adults have eight.
• There are hard and soft-bodied ticks.
• Ticks are much larger than mites,
some females as large as a nickel.
Class Arachnida: Order Acari: Ticks
Ticks
Body one segment
4 pair of legs
No antennae
No wings
Biology Alsaqabi -201954
55. Acari cont.
• The gnathostoma or
capitulum is a small anterior
projection bearing the 3
structures that make up the
mouthparts: the hypostome, a
pair of chelicerae, and the
pedipalps
• The hypostome is usually
toothed, medially located and
ventral to the mouth
• The chelicerae are used to
pierce or tear the skin, then
the entire capitulum of the
toothed hypostome can be
inserted into the opening
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=02Tlzapl8ig
Biology Alsaqabi -201955
59. Class Arachnida:
Order Acari: Mites
• Egg, larva, protonymph,
deutonymph, adult.
• Four pair legs; three pairs on
larvae.
• Two body segments: head,
thorax.
• Chelicerae: fangs like spiders.
• Suck cells.
• Transmit disease.
http://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=Hpezj8MMhb0&feat
ure=related
Biology Alsaqabi -201959
60. Mites
Sarcoptes scabiei
• Itch mite cause scabies and mange
in animals, cosmopolitan.
• Infection by :Direct contact with
infected person or his clothes.
Life cycle
• Female burrow in epidermis and
deposit eggs
• Eggs hatch in 3-4 days, larvae
excavate new burrow and maturate
in 4 days
Acari
• The main tagmata of this
group are the cephalothorax
(prosoma) and the abdomen
(opisthosoma)
http://www.youtub
e.com/watch?v=47
CIdUld8eQ
Biology Alsaqabi -201960