C04_Kelloway_MOHS8e_final.pptx

PowerPoint
Presentation for
Management of
Occupational Health
and Safety
Prepared by
Bernadette Gatien
Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd.

Chapter 4
Hazards, Risks, and Control
Copyright © 2021 by Nelson Education Ltd. 4-2

Learning Objectives
• After reading this chapter, you should be
able to:
– Define key terms used in the field of OH&S
– Identify the sources of workplace hazards
– Describe the types of injuries caused by workplace hazards
– Identify types of workplace hazards
– Describe methods for systematically examining workplace
hazards and risk
– Describe the processes for controlling hazards and
managing risk

Poll
• Open the MindTap Mobile App and select your course.
For the next 45 seconds, list all of the various hazards associated
with driving a vehicle.
1. Does everyone have the same hazards?
2. Has anyone mentioned a hazard you did not think of?

Opening Vignette:
High Heels Are Workplace Hazards
• To preserve a brand, some Canadian restaurants
force female staff to wear heels.
• This is an OHS issue & some provinces have
amended regulations to ban the practice.
• How we think about hazards often dictates how
we manage them. Would you have thought of
heels as hazards?
• Hazard identification, risk assessment, and
control are the backbone of workplace health
and safety.

Terminology
• Hazard
– Any object, action, or condition that can be a
source of potential adverse health effect, damage,
or harm to people, processes, or equipment
within the workplace
• Risk
– The probability or the extent to which a hazard is
likely to cause harm to people, processes, or
equipment

Terminology
• Risk assessment
– The process of hazard and risk identification,
analysis, and control
• Risk perception
– An individual’s interpretation of the potential for
harm and their concern for the consequences
(based on social, physical, political, cultural, and
psychological factors), which influences how they
behave in response to that hazard

Terminology
• Incident
– An event or occurrence that had or could have
had a negative impact on people, property, or
processes

Risk Assessment
• Risk assessment process includes three core
steps:
– Hazard identification
– Risk analysis
– Risk control

Hazard Identification
People
Equipment
Environment
Materials
Processes

Notes
Joint Occupational Health and Safety Committe
1. audit
2. employee itself
3. accident report

• People
– Human factor
• When a person causes an accident by:
– Commission (doing something)
– Poor judgment, or
– Omission (failing to do something)
– Unsafe act
• A deviation from standard job procedures or practices
that increases a worker’s exposure to a hazard

• Environment
– Improper illumination—Too dark or too much
glare
– Poor exhaust or ventilation systems—The toxic
vapours from a process hang in the air rather than
being removed
– Adverse temperature conditions—Working around
a furnace on a hot summer day
– Poor indoor air quality—Odours and stuffiness

• Materials
– Any workplace substance, matter, or provisions
used for production that have the potential to
cause harm or loss especially if handled
• For instance, certain cleaning materials such as
ammonia and bleach should never be mixed together
because the mixture results in a toxic chemical reaction

• Processes
– A process is involved when combining people,
equipment, environment, and materials with the
purpose of producing a good or service.
– They involve the flow of work and include factors
such as design, pace, and organization of the
various types of work via policies, procedures, and
work processes.

Hazard Identification Methodologies
• Components of the Hazard Identification
Program
– Identifying hazards in the workplace
– Visible inspection of the workplace or taking air
samples to test for suspected contaminants
– Walk-through surveys
– Safety sampling

• Task and Job Inventory
– Job description
• The content and hierarchy specific to a particular job
– Job specification
• The requirements necessary to perform the various
functions of the job

• Hazard Analysis
– Orderly, analytical technique that examines a
system for most probable hazards having the
severest consequences
– Establish corrective or control mechanisms
– Positive Tree
• Illustration of how job should be done
– Fault Tree
• Illustration of things that can go wrong

• Audits and Reports
– Review of reports
• Filed after an incident, accident, or injury or as part of a
safety inspection
• Provide valuable information on hazards
– Audit information
• Reviewing records of all injuries, accidents, incidents,
workplace design changes, and environmental sampling
• Useful source for cataloguing hazards
– Computers to store, analyze, and report on hazards
and incidents
• Facilitates identification of hazards by type or department

Risk Analysis
• Once hazards are identified, the risk of an
incident or injury is determined via risk
analysis.
• Two main pillars of analysis include:
– Probability
– Consequences

Risk Analysis
• Probability
– Chance or likelihood that an event will occur and
will result in harm or loss
• Consequences
– The results or severity of the injury

Risk Analysis

Sample Hazard Inventory
and Risk Evaluation

Types of Injuries and Illnesses
• Injury
– Any trauma, physical or mental, direct or indirect,
acute or chronic, experienced by a human being
• Overt traumatic injuries
– Injuries resulting from coming into contact with an
energy source
• Overexertion injuries
– Injuries resulting from excessive physical effort,
repetitive motions, and, possibly, awkward working
positions

• Overt Traumatic Injuries
– Common cause of workplace accidents is individuals
coming into contact with objects and equipment
– Examples:
• Struck by overhead falling objects
• Drop materials on themselves, resulting in crush injuries
• Caught in, under, or between (CIUB) machinery
• Falls
• Contact with sources of energy such as electricity, chemicals,
and heat

• Overexertion
Injuries
– Basic causes:
• Lifting
• Working in an
awkward position
• Repetition

• Overexertion Injuries
– When lifting activities are identified as a
workplace hazard:
• Materials handling can be
– Mechanized through use of conveyors and forklift trucks
– Automated through use of guided vehicles
• Inventory systems can be installed that allow computer-
controlled machines to pick up or stock inventory

• Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI)
– Becoming the most common occupational injury
– Origins of RSI:
• Unnatural joint position or posture
• Force application to hinge joints
• Activity repetition
• Pre-existing conditions

• Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI)
– Unnatural joint position or posture
• If joint is forced to work in unnatural or stressed position
– Force application to hinge joints
• When lifting while bent, wrist joint can begin to ache and repetition of
the activity can result in a loss of strength
– Activity repetition
• Keyboarding or using a hammer involve a repetitive flexing of fingers
and wrists
– Pre-existing conditions
• Arthritis and circulation disorders can have a synergistic effect on RSI
conditions

OHS Today 4.1
Repetitive Strain Awareness Day
• February 29 marks Repetitive Strain
Awareness Day (on months where there are
28 days, it’s on that day)
• Purpose is to raise awareness among workers,
employers, and public about impact of RSI

• Awkward Working Positions
– Strains and sprains can result from:
• bending, twisting, and working in a variety of awkward
positions
– Should not reach below the knees or raise arms
above shoulder for any length of time
– Design of workstations and work procedures so
that individuals work in a comfortable position

• Illness
– Physical and mental conditions resulting from
hazards
– Can affect the physical and mental health of
workers
– Need special attention given they develop over
time, thereby making them much more difficult to
identify and manage

Risk Control
• Various methods of risk control
• All involve a systematic process for
determining where and when a control is
necessary
• Determines what types of control(s) would be
best
• Source–path–human is one such model

Source–Path–Human Controls
• Hazards can be controlled or eliminated by
identifying and attacking the:
– Source of the hazard
– Path it travels
– Employee or recipient of the hazard
• Important to have thorough understanding
that hazard control is necessary and possible

Source–Path–Human Model of Control

Hierarchy of Control
• Program or process used to establish
preventive and corrective measures
1. Elimination
2. Substitution
3. Engineering Controls
4. Administrative
5. Personal Protective Equipment

• Elimination
– Process of removing a hazard
• Substitution
– Replacing or changing equipment, materials, or
work processes for less hazardous ones

Engineering Controls
• Modification of work processes, equipment,
and materials to reduce exposure to hazards
• Installation of auxiliary equipment, such as
physical barriers and ventilation systems
• Avoid hazards or eliminate them entirely
• First and most preferred way to deal with
hazards

Engineering Controls

Administrative Control
• Administrative Control
– Management involvement
– Training of employees
– Rotation of employees
– Environmental sampling
– Medical surveillance
• Goal is to protect individuals

• Examples:
– Safety awareness programs
– Visible reminders
– Special events
– Awards and incentives
– Housekeeping
– Preventive maintenance
– Lockout procedures
– Work permits
– Confined space entry procedures

• Confined space
– Any space that is enclosed or partially enclosed
and restricts entrance and exit by the location and
size, and is potentially deficient in oxygen or could
contain toxic gases

Monitoring/Auditing
• Monitoring
– Important part of hazard control
• Audits
– Ensure hazard controls are functioning effectively
and identify new hazards

Monitoring/Auditing
• Audit program should:
– Ensure safety programs are carried out without
restrictions
– Ensure safety programs are up to date and
deficiencies documented
– Be carried out by people with understanding of
both audit methods and material being examined

Monitoring/Auditing
• Audit program should:
– Stimulate discussion among all managers and
workers, and ultimately produce conclusions and
recommendations
– Be conducted annually by high-risk hazards
companies
– Include all documentation (e.g., WSIB/WCB
statements, Ministry of Labour citations)

Record Keeping
• Information obtained at all stages of hazard
control process should be stored in a database
• Records identify frequency of events as well as
trends in hazards
• Information source on worker training and
equipment maintenance

Personal Protective Equipment
• Not always possible to fully protect individuals by
applying engineering and administrative controls
• Clothing, helmets, goggles, and other devices to
protect individual from specific hazards
• Least preferred means of controlling hazards
• “Backup” to other methods of control
• Should never be sole means of protecting workers
from hazards

Video Link
• WorkSafeBC’s video link to understanding
workplace hazards and risks (2min)

End-of-Chapter Activities
• The end-of-chapter discussion questions and
exercises should help you develop your
understanding of:
– Hazards: what they are
– Risk Assessment: the process
• Hazard identification
• Risk analysis
• Risk control

C04_Kelloway_MOHS8e_final.pptx

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C04_Kelloway_MOHS8e_final.pptx