BIOSECURITY OF FARM ANIMALS

1. BIOSECURITY: OUR WAY TOBIOSECURITY: OUR WAY TO
SAFEGUARD HERD HEALTHSAFEGUARD HERD HEALTH
Prof. RCFloresProf. RCFlores

2. Biosecurity MeasuresBiosecurity Measures
Biosecurity means keeping your herd safe
from the introduction of diseases from the
environment and other animals.
• Good biosecurity is not only a matter of
using disinfectants. It is more like a
complete culture or way of working. It
means doing whatever we can at the farm
to prevent the entry and spread of
infection.

3. Ten areas of BiosecurityTen areas of Biosecurity
concerns:concerns:

4. 1. Location1. Location--
• animal density in the area, distance from
other farm, slaughter houses, sale barns,
and roadways with animal traffic. Ideally, a
farm must be 1km away from the main
road.

5. 2. Perimeter2. Perimeter--
• farm boundary fences or blocked
driveways
• warning information signs
• locked doors, and
• clean area next to buildings.

6. 3. Entrance3. Entrance--
• no entry for non-essential people
• no contact with animals outside
• minimum down-time for incoming people
• separate change area, showering
requirement, clothing and boots provided
• outside equipment disinfected.

7. 4. Buildings4. Buildings--
• Surroundings
• bird-proof
• rodent and fly control, and
• no stray domesticated animals.

8. 5. Shipping5. Shipping--
• empty and clean vehicles only
• no truck coming from contaminated barn
• truck/trailer washed and disinfected
• special boots and overalls.

9. 6. New Stocks6. New Stocks--
• replacements’ health status
• health technologies for introduction
• number of source farms
• introduction frequency
• isolation of incoming stocks
• isolation unit with separate ventilation and
manure removal systems
• length of isolation
• diagnostic tests on new animals
• no returns after exposure outside.

10. 7. Feed and Water7. Feed and Water--
• safe delivery methods
• chlorinated water of farm well at 15m
minimum depth
• water tested at least every year.

11. 8. Dead Stock8. Dead Stock--
• secured disposal.

12. 9. Manure Removal9. Manure Removal--
• secured storage and disposal.

13. 10. Disinfection and10. Disinfection and
Vaccination ProgramVaccination Program

14. DIFFERENT CAUSES OFDIFFERENT CAUSES OF
DISEASESDISEASES
• For humans, the World Health Organization
(WHO) defines “health” as the state of optimal
well-feeling in relation to the body as well as to
the mind.
• As for animals, little is known about their
minds; thus, a healthy animal means the tissues
and organs are functioning normally in harmony
with each other and with its environment.

15. • Disease results when this harmony is
disturbed and the animal is not able to
maintain the balance between its body
functions and its environment.
• The degree of imbalance determines the
severity of the disease. In effect, the
causes of a disease can be in the animal
itself or in the environment.

16. Animal as a causeAnimal as a cause
• These are the causes, which we can
attribute to the animal itself.
• Primarily, there is something inside or
within the animal which is wrong, such that
problems or diseases occur.

17. • a. Inborn Defects decrease the chances of
animal survival, or it can make it
impossible for them to live at all.
– These inborn defects can be heritable
• absence of skin
• atresia ani
– or non-heritable
• trembling in piglets that are infected of hog cholera
from the sow.

18. • b. Acquired defects
– tail biting, give a higher risk for infection.

19. • c. Breeds have different characteristics.
– The Pietrain is known for its stress-sensitivity
– The Duroc is known for its resistance and
strong legs
– Generally, crossbreeds have a better
(stronger) constitution than purebreds.

20. • d. The age of the animal is also one
determining factor
– very young and very old animals are more
susceptible to certain diseases

21. e. Constitutione. Constitution
• is the ability of the animal to cope with
diseases.
• It also determines the general susceptibility
of the animal to diseases.
• Animals with bad constitution need more
care.
• Each animal has its own inherent body
constitution.

22. Environment as a causeEnvironment as a cause
• Environmental causes of diseases
generally refer to those external to the
animal.
• The things outside the animal’s body that
may cause harm are called “ environmental”
or external factors.
• They are classified as either infectious or
non-infectious.

23. Non-infectious causes:Non-infectious causes:
• The non-infectious causes refer to the
different management practices
implemented in the farm, which include
the following:

24. 1.1. Feeds and FeedingFeeds and Feeding--
• deficiencies/excesses
• sudden changes in the feed quality and
quantity
• overfeeding/underfeeding
• spoiled feeds or toxic components in the
feed

25. 2.2. Drinking WaterDrinking Water--
• contaminated drinking water
• non-availability of fresh/clean drinking
water
• Inadequate water intake

26. 3.3. ManagementManagement--
• faulty management practices
– especially in newborn and newly weaned
animals can cause chilling/crushing and/or
diarrhea
– Improper handling of animals

27. 4.4. HousingHousing--
• poor ventilation
• wet/dirty floors
• bad flooring

28. 5.5. Trauma/stressTrauma/stress--
• like fighting resulting in injuries,
predispose the animal to other diseases.
• Stress during castration, transport,
transfer or medication lowers the animal’s
body resistance, rendering it more
susceptible to diseases.

29. 6.6. Toxic SubstancesToxic Substances--
• improper/incorrect medication
• toxic plants
– ipil-ipil- mimosine
– Sapinit
• Toxic chemicals (organophosphorus
compounds).

30. Infectious causesInfectious causes
• It refers to the involvement of micro
organisms (pathogens) as the main cause
of the disease or problem.
• Generally, infectious organisms enter into
the animal’s body only if something goes
wrong with the non-infectious
environment.

31. 1.1.VirusesViruses
• hog cholera (Pesti virus)
• Foot and Mouth Disease(Aphtho virus)
• Pseudorabies (Herpes virus)
• Brucellosis (Brucella abortus)
• TGE (Corona virus)
• Parvo virus

32. 2.2. BacteriaBacteria
• Colibacillosis (Escherechia coli)
• Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
• Pasteurellosis (Pasteurella multocida)
• Leptospirosis (Leptospira pomona)

33. 3.3. YeastYeast
• candidiasis

34. 4.4. Fungi/MoldsFungi/Molds--
• Aflatoxicosis (Aflatoxin)

35. 5.5. ProtozoaProtozoa--
• coccidiosis

36. 6.6. ParasitesParasites--
• Mange/scabies
• round worms
• kidney worms
• Lungworms
• ring worms, etc.

37. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OFECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF
DISEASESDISEASES
• There are some diseases that are, by
nature, more “economically important”
than the other diseases because once
they infect the animals, they will cause
considerable losses to the business such
as the following:

38. 1. Increased cost of preventive1. Increased cost of preventive
measuresmeasures
• like vaccinations/immunizations

39. 2.2. Additional costs of treatmentAdditional costs of treatment
• like drugs, instruments, and labor (time
for extra care)

40. 3. Loss of production due to:3. Loss of production due to:
• - increased mortality
• - decreased growth and production
• - deteriorated feed conversion
• - decreased quality of products
• - disturbed production planning
>(sub-optimal utilization of the production unit)

41. 4. Problems in marketing4. Problems in marketing
• - poor liveweight gain
• - risks for contamination
• - export limitations

42. HOW TO AVOID THEHOW TO AVOID THE
MULTIPLICATION OFMULTIPLICATION OF
PATHOGENSPATHOGENS

43. • 1. Avoid overcrowding
• 2. Remove manure from pens daily.
– Water is not always necessary in cleaning.
When water is used, a dry space should be
left, and the pen should nor remain wet for a
long time.

44. • 3. Proper drainage should be maintained.
• 4. Isolate sick animals to avoid spread of
diseases and to give them a better chance
to recover.

45. • 5. Remove dead animals from the pen
and bury them immediately, unless a
veterinarian will do a necropsy.
– Burning is also applicable. Dead animals
should be buried at a depth of nor less than
1meter (depending on the size of the animal).
• 6. Disinfect empty pen regularly.

46. • 7. Sterilize medical instruments after every
use. They should be stored in clean dry
place.
• 8. Group animals according to their age
and weight.

47. • 9. Avoid mixing animals of different ages.
• 10. Vacate/rest pens after thorough
cleaning and disinfection.

48. • 11. Introduce fecal matter to newly
purchased stocks to acclimatize them to the
normal microflora of animals in the farm.
• 12. Quarantine newly purchased animals.
This should be done for at least 2 months.

49. • 13. Practice all-in/all-out system or the
“by-batch” system.
• 14. Practice regular parasite control.
• 15. Implement proper vaccination
program.

50. THANK YOU VERY MUCH!!!THANK YOU VERY MUCH!!!
“LETS US WORK TOGETHER FOR A“LETS US WORK TOGETHER FOR A
DISEASE- FREE HERD”DISEASE- FREE HERD”