Mindreading

Theory of mind Historical, evolutionary, and developmental perspectives.

Outline ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

From Whiten (1994, in Lewis & Mitchell)

Conceptual issues. ,[object Object],[object Object]

A theory of physics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Is physics useful for predicting behaviour? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Dennet ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

A definition. ,[object Object],[object Object]

Prediction and Explanation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

TOMM ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Properties of M-representations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Theory of Mind Mechanism (TOMM) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Evidence for TOMM ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

History of TOM research ,[object Object],[object Object]

Premack and Woodruff ,[object Object],[object Object]

Test ,[object Object],[object Object]

Test ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Results and conclusions ,[object Object],[object Object]

Criticism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Wimmer and Perner ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

False belief task: Sally & Anne

Where will bunny look for her toy? The False-Belief Task

Where will bunny look for her toy? The False-Belief Task ,[object Object]

Where will bunny look for her toy? The False-Belief Task ,[object Object],4-year-olds

Where will bunny look for her toy? The False-Belief Task ,[object Object],4-year-olds 3-year-olds

False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object]

False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],Smarties task

False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],Smarties task E: What’s do you think is in the box? C: Smarties

False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],Smarties task E: What’s really in the box? C: Ribbons. E: What did you think was in the box before?

False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],Smarties task E: What’s really in the box? C: Ribbons. E: What did you think was in the box before? -- 3-year-olds say ribbons

False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],Appearance-Reality Task

False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],Appearance-Reality Task E: What does it look like? C: A rock

False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],Appearance-Reality Task Child discovers the rock is actually a sponge

False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],Appearance-Reality Task E: What is it really? C: A sponge E: What does it look like?

False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],Appearance-Reality Task E: What is it really? C: A sponge E: What does it look like? 3-year-olds say it looks like a sponge

False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Looking-time version of false-belief task: Where will Bunny look for her toy?

False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Looking-time version of false-belief task: Where will Bunny look for her toy? 3-year-olds look longer to the correct location even though they give the wrong answer.

False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Pointing versus spoken responses: Perhaps children find it difficult to inhibit pointing to where the toy actually is.

False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Pointing versus spoken responses: Perhaps children find it difficult to inhibit pointing to where the toy actually is. Carlson, Moses, & Hix: Children perform better when giving spoken rather than pointing responses

What leads to the development of a theory of mind? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

What leads to the development of a theory of mind? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Theory of Mind ID Desires and goals “ Mary wants the apple” EDD Eyes can see things “ Mary sees the apple” SAM Infers desires and goals based on eye direction “ I see that Mary wants the apple” TOMM Allows the full range of mental states “ I think you believe this topic is interesting”

Adaptive Problem Cognitive Programs Neurophysiology Predicting and explaining behavior ID, EDD, SAM, TOMM STS-Amygdala-OFC

What leads to the development of a theory of mind? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

What leads to the development of a theory of mind? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Children from larger families do better on false-belief tasks. This is especially true for children with poor language skills (Jenkins & Astington, 1996).

What leads to the development of a theory of mind? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],However, it is only having older siblings that helps (Ruffman, 1998). Having older sibs stimulates pretend play and facilitates the development of counter-factual reasoning.

What leads to the development of a theory of mind? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Adults also effective tutors. Lewis administered ToM tests to a group of 3 & 4 yo’s. Best predictor of success  # of adults the child interacted with every day. How does adult interaction help?

What would your world be like without a Theory of Mind? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Autism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

What systems are impaired? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Autism = Mindblindness Impairments of Theory of Mind ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Mindblindness Impairments of Theory of Mind ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Mindblindness Impairments of Theory of Mind ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Mindblindness Impairments of Theory of Mind ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Verdict: SAM IS IMPAIRED

Mindblindness Impairments of Theory of Mind ,[object Object],[object Object],ID Desires an goals EDD Eyes can see things SAM Infers desires and goals based on eye direction TOMM Allows the full range of mental states

Is autism an extreme of the male brain?

Triad of difficulties ,[object Object],[object Object]

Triad of strengths ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The autistic spectrum: two subgroups ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Genetics of autism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Autism: the sex ratio ,[object Object],[object Object]

Hans Asperger (1944) ,[object Object],[object Object]

Sex differences in the mind: the classical view ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Boys > girls: Toy vehicles, constructional toys, and mechanical toys Girls > boys: Dolls, enacting social and emotional themes

Males > females: maths, computing, physics, engineering, tool-making Females > males: Primary school teaching, nursing, social work, counselling

Two psychological processes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Different profiles ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Mindreading

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Mindreading

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