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1. Topic: KashmirConflict
Theunsolvedcontroversybetweentwoborders
InitialproblemsfacedbyPakistan
Prepared by
Romela Zaynab

2. Islamic
Integration

3. Lesson
Objectives:
By the end of lesson, Students will
be to explain the root cause of
conflict between India and Pakistan
over Kashmir.

4. Introduction
 Kashmir word originate from Sanskrit, which means
Desiccated land.
 Pashutun Durrani Empire ruled Kashmir in 18th Century.
 Until 1819 it was ruled by Sikh ruler called Ranjit Singh.
 In 1845-1846 Anglo-Sikh war took place and Kashmir has to
singTreaty of Lahore with East India Company.
 During independence Kashmir was a princely state ruled by
Hindu Maharaja called Maharaja Hari Singh. He thought that
he could make a independent state.
 At present India covers about 47% of Jammu and Kashmir
Pakistan covers about 37% of it and the rest are covered by
China.

5. Instrument of
accession
 AfterTribesman attacked Jammu and Kashmir the Maharaja
singed a treaty with India called instrument of accession.
 The pact was singed betweenThe Maharaja, Lord Louis
Mountbatten(Governor general of India in 1947).
 On 25th October 1947 Maharaja singed a treaty withThe
Government of India called instrument of accession.
 The pact was implemented from 27th October 1947.
 The pact States that Jammu and Kashmir is now a part of union of
India.
 The pact is already approved by United Nations, Indian
Independence act 1947 and Government of India act 1935.
 The pact also states that after when law and order is restored in
Jammu and Kashmir states accession will be in hands of its people.
• After singing treatyGovernment of India deployed Armed forces
in Jammu and Kashmir.

6. India’s
Prospective
 India fought three wars with Pakistan in 1947, 1965, 1999.
 The war of 1947 was fought till 1948 after which United Nation
Intervened into the matter.
 The first law by UN was implemented successfully that is United
nations security council resolution 1172. But the United Nation
security council resolution 47 one can’t be implemented
successfully as Pakistan failed to withdraw its army from Kashmir.
 India does not accept the two-nation theory that forms the basis
of Pakistan's claims and considers that Kashmir, despite being a
Muslim- majority state, India claims that its an "integral part" of
secular India.

7. Pakistan’s
Prospective
 Pakistan insists that the Maharaja was not a popular leader, and
was regarded as a tyrant by most Kashmiris. • Pakistan claims that
Indian forces were in Kashmir before the Instrument of Accession
was signed with India, and that therefore Indian troops were in
Kashmir in violation of the Stand still Agreement.
 Pakistan claims that Kashmiris are no longer willing to live with
India. It suggests that Kashmir wants to be with Pakistan or
Independent.
 • According toTwo nation theory Kashmir should be in Pakistan as
it has Muslim majority. • It says that Maharaja was nothing but a
puppet of British government he was not a heredity ruler. • It also
argues that there is widespread killings in Kashmir and many
human rights are violated.

8. China’s
Prospective
 China did not accept the boundaries of the princely
state of Kashmir and Jammu, north ofAksai Chin and
the Karakoram as proposed by the British.
 China settled its border disputes with Pakistan under
the 1963Trans KarakoramTract with the provision that
the settlement was subject to the final solution of the
Kashmir dispute.

9. Conclusion
 The scenario are made by the politicians for their own
Interest.
 Their should be more intervention of United Nation so
that peace could be restored. Armed Force Special
Power Act should either be repealed or it should be
modified because government are meant to protect
people they are not meant to kill them.
 Their should be no Indian Prospective, Pakistan’s
Prospective or China’s Prospective only the prospective
of Kashmir’s people should be reorganized.