2. What are the different literary
periods in Philippine literature?
3. Ancient Period
During this time, folk songs, epics,
narratives and sung narratives were popular.
Many of the folk songs featured simple rhythms,
while narrative songs were used to tell historical
stories. Philippine epics from the pre-colonial era
told mythological stories, and often reflected on
community ethics.
4. Spanish Colonial Period
Theater became popular. During this time,
Spanish explorers attempted to teach their
language to indigenous people, which meant
religious songs and poetry found their place in
society. The introduction of prose took a similar
approach by attempting to influence social
behaviors. By the 19th century, Philippine writers
were using prose to their own benefit by writing
about the negative effects of colonization.
5. American Colonial Period
English was introduced to mainstream
schools throughout the country. This meant some
American literary influences had an impact on
Philippine literature, including the introduction of
free verse poetry. Short story telling also became
popular, and as romantic movie traditions
intersected with Philippine culture, so did
romantic novels.
6. Contemporary Period
Following military rule in the 1960s, the
contemporary period emerged. Poetry, prose and
short stories remain popular, but writing has
become more competitive and professional
throughout the country. Writers are encouraged
to attend workshops, and literary awards
ceremonies are held each year.
7. The evolution of Literature
Pre-colonial Period
(riddles and chant)
Spanish Colonial Period
(singing of pasyon)
Spanish Revolution
(novels and poems)
American Regime
Continuance of the
literature of protest
At Present
(usage of native languages and
in English in verses and prose)
8. • There are around twenty known Filipino epic poems. Among the more
famous ones are:
• EPICS OF LUZON
• the Hudhud of the Ifugao
the pre-Hispanic epic poem Biag ni Lam-ang of the Ilocos region
the Ullalim epic songs of the Kalinga
the Ibalon epic from Bicol
• WESTERN VISAYAS
• the Hinilawod – the longest and oldest epic of the Hiligaynon people
• MINDANAO
• the Darangan of the Maranao (recognized by UNESCO as a Masterpiece
of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity)
• The Darangan relates the adventures of a warrior-prince named
Bantugan, who was the brother of the chieftain of a village called
Bumbaran. Bantugan owned a magic shield, was protected by divine
spirits and was capable of rising from the dead.
Ancient
Period
BC to 1564
9. Ancient Period (Pre colonial)
BCto 1564
Baybayin
A 17 character pre-
Filipino writing
system.
The script was
traditionally carved in
strips of bamboo with
sharp object for
announcement and
poetry.
10. Characteristicc
Based on oral tradition
Crude ideology and phraseology
Classifications
1. Folk Speech
2. Folksongs
3. Folk Narratives
12. 1.Folk Speech
A. Riddle (Bugtong)
enrich the imagination and sharpen the senses
A puzzle in which an object to be guessed is described in
terms of another unrelated object
Central riddle is the talinhaga or metaphor.
one's power of observation and wit are put into test
Pampango:
Adua lang mikaluguran
Tagalan nong tagalan
Two friends
In an endless chase.
Riddle Place
tigmo Cebu
bugtong Tagalog in Pampango
burburtia in Ilocano
paktakon Ilongo
13. Kampana
Some riddles verge on the obscene, referring to sex-related
images to describe what are actually “innocent” objects.
Gaddang:
Gongonan nu usin y amam
Maggirawa pay sila y inam.
If you pull your daddy’s penis.
Your mommy’s vagina, too, screams.
14. Womanhood
But the opposite process also occurs. Everyday objects are used
to suggest sex orthe genitals, as in this riddle. (Alburo et al
1988:13):
Ibanag:
Kasikallan y levu na
Bawang y tanggna na.
It’s surrounding is a forest,
It’s center is mud.
15. B. Proverbs and Aphorisms
instill values and teach lessons.
proverbs are short, pithy sayings, which encapsulate and
preserve a community’s beliefs, norms, and codes of behavior.
Usually, a commonplace object or incident is used to illustrate
an accepted truth or cherished ideal.
Riddle Place
aramiga or sasabihan Bicolano
panultihon or pagya Cebuano
humbaton or hurobaton Ilongo
kesibian pampangano
salawikain or
kasabihan
Tagalog
16. The idea, strength in unity, is expressed through the figure of
the abaca, a commodity in the Tagalog area.
Tagalog:
Gaano man ang tibay ng piling abaka
Ay wala ring lakas kapag nag-iisa.
However sturdy the abaca,
It is weak when it is alone.
An egg is used to symbolize virginity.
Mandaya:
Yang ataog aw madugdug Di da mamauli.
An egg once broken Will never be the same.
17. Perseverance is taught through nature imagery.
Bicol:
An gapo na matagas,sa tinuto-tuto nin tubig malalagas
The hardest stone is eroded by constant dripping of water.
gratitude, diligence, and restraint.
Pangasinan:
Say koli pakalmoay liket.
Say ngiras pakalmoay irap.
Industry is the sibling of prosperity;
Laziness is the sibling of starvation.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26. C. Tanaga
A rather extended form of wise saying is the Tagalog tanaga,
a monorhyming heptasyllabic quatrain, which expresses insights and
lessons on living.
It is, however, more emotionally charged than the terse proverb,
and thus has affinities with the folk lyric.
almost considered a dying art form
Tanagas do not have title
One example reflects on pain and the will:
Ang sugat ay kung tinanggap
di daramdamin ang antak
ang aayaw at di mayag
galos lamang magnanaknak.
Submission to wounding
makes the intensest pain bearable;
unwillingness
makes the merest scratch fester.
27. In the Tagalog original,[using archaic orthography:
"Catitibay ca tolos
sacaling datnang agos!
aco’I momonting lomot
sa iyo,I popolopot."
In the modern Tagalog syllabication:
"Katitibay ka Tulos
Sakaling datnang agos!
Ako'y mumunting lumot
sa iyo'y pupulupot."
Translation by Jardine Davies
28. The modern Tanaga
The modern Tanaga still uses the 7777 syllable count, but rhymes range from
dual rhyme forms: AABB, ABAB, ABBA; to freestyle forms such as AAAB, BAAA,
or ABCD.
Ex. “Tahak ng tingin, tulak
ng sulyap, yakap, lapat
ng titig sa balikat.
hatak pa, kindat, hakat”
29. D. Ambahan
(Oriental Mindorp)
The Mangyan ambahan, a poem with seven syllables per line, the ending
syllables following a rhyme scheme, frequently deals with love, though not
always romantic love, as some are about parental love and friendship.
The ambahan is also used as a form of social entertainment and as a tool for
teaching the young.
30.
31. Many of the more popular ambahan:
Tunda pagpangumrawan
No sa yangko itungpan
Payi mamabunlagan
No bunlag di tukawan
No bunlag bay kar-ayan
Una way si suyungan
Una way si bansayan
Padi yag pangambitan.
My boy, busy courting me,
frankly, I will tell you then;
I don’t want to give you up.
As long as you are with me,
It will only be through death!
And even my mother dear
or my father, let them try,
all their prayers would not help!
34. A. Lullabies
are sung to put children to sleep.
are often repetitive and sonorous.
Many lullabyes are didactic; some are plaintive,
expressing the hardships of life
a few express hope in the future. In this lullabye,
the parent hopes that the child becomes a good
adult:
Ilocano:
Maturog, duduayya
Maturog kad tay bunga,
Tay lalaki nga napigsa
Ta inton dumakkel tay bunga,
Isunto aya tay mammati
Tay amon a ibaga mi.
Lullabies Place
Oyayi Tagalog
Ili-ili Ilongo
baliwayway Isinay and ilonggot
tumaila pampangano
Andang Aeta
Go to sleep, dear little one
Will my child please sleep
This strong boy
So when the child grows big
He will obey
Everything that we say.
35. B. Drinking Song
Drinking songs are sung during carousals. Often brief, always merry,
almost hedonistic, many of them originated in the Bicol area.
In the tagay, everyone drinks from the same cup and partakes of the
hors d’oeuvre.
Waray:
Igduholduhol ngan palakta na it nga tagay
Ayaw pagatrasar kay mabutlaw na ug mauhaw
Ayaw palalapos didimdim hahadki namanla anay
Ayaw man pagibigla, ayaw man pagbigla
bangin ka lumnunay
Sugod man it aton sumsuman sahid gud
mamorot kay basi pa dugngan
Kanugon hadton inagonon konkabuwasan
pa di na daw makakaon.
Pass now that glass of tuba,
For we are tired and thirsty.
Don’t let it pass without taking a sip;
Don’t take too big a gulp
because you might
drown.
Everyone eat, for the fish will be wasted
If we do not consume it.
Drinking Song Place
tigsik Bicolano
tagay Cebuano and Waray
36. C. Songs of the Dead
There are lyrics for more solemn affairs, such as religious rites
and deaths.
Harito:
Maluoy dili ninyo kuhaan
Kining akong ginsakpan
Labing maayo nga inyong dungagan
Sama niining kadaghanan.
Pity, do not reduce
These my members
Better if you will add
Like these multitudes.
37. Other Folk Songs
D.komintang – war song
E.kundiman – melancholic love song
F.mambayu – Kalinga rice-pounding song
G.subli – dance-ritual song of courtship /marriage
40. A. Myths
Myths, often regarded as sacred, explain the origin and the
goal of the cosmos. They usually involve divinities and spirits
who interact with humans.
1.Creation (Tagalog)
2. The story of creation (Mindanao)
3. Why there is High Tide During a Full Moon (Ibanag)
4. Why the dead came back no more (Ifugao)
41. B. Legend
traditional narrative or collection of related narratives,
popularly regarded as historically factual but actually a
mixture of fact and fiction.
are stories about real people who are famous for doing
something brave or extraordinary. Every time the story was
told, it became more exaggerated and so it is now difficult
to tell how much of the story is really true.
A. Bakunawa
B. Legend of the Dama de Noche
C. Legend of the Fireflies
42. C. Fables
story that teaches lesson: a short story with a moral,
especially one which the characters are animals.
43. Ang Uwak na Nagpanggap
Isang uwak ang nakakita ng mga lagas na balahibo ng pabo sa
lupa. Pinagmasdan niya iyon at nasiyahan sa iba't ibang kulay na taglay
niyon. At dahil sawa na siya sa pagiging isang itim na ibon, iyon ay kanyang
pinulot isa-isa at saka idinikit sa kanyang katawan.
Iyon lang at dali-dali siyang lumipad patungo sa grupo ng mga pabo at
nagpakilala bilang kauri ng mga ito.
Ngunit sadyang kilala ng mga pabo ang kanilang kauri, kaya naman
hindi rin nagtagal ay nabisto ng mga ito ang nagkukunwaring uwak.
Dahil dito, inalis ng mga pabo ang iba't ibang kulay na balahibong nakadikit sa
katawan ng uwak. Pagkuwa'y pinagtutuka nila ito hanggang sa takot na
lumisan.
Nang magbalik ang uwak sa kanyang mga kauri, hindi na rin siya
tinanggap ng mga ito. At sinabing, "Hindi namin kailangan ang isang tulad
mong walang pagmamahal sa sariling anyo!"
44. ANG ASO AT ANG UWAK
May ibong uwak na nakakita ng karne na nakabilad sa araw.
Tinangay niya ito at lumipad nang malayo.
Sa dulo ng sanga ng isang puno, sinimulan niyang kainin ang karne.
Ngunit narinig niya ang malakas na boses ng isang aso na nagsabi:
“Sa lahat ng ibon, ang uwak ang pinaka-magaling. Walang
kakumpara!”
Natuwa ang uwak at binukas ang bibig para humalakhak.
Ang nangyari ay nalaglag ang karne mula sa kanyang bibig. Nahulog
ito sa lupa kung saan kaagad sinunggaban ng aso.
Ngayon alam na natin na ang papuri ay maaaring uri ng panloloko
rin.
45. D. Epics
dominated the literature of this period. Filipino epics
are long poetic compositions recounting the heroic
exploits of characters displaying superhuman
strength.
From these epics, readers came to learn about the
Filipino national traditions and aspirations at certain
stages of the life history of the people.
Epic poems of great proportions and lengths were
found all over the islands.
Tanagas traditionally do not have any titles. They are poetic forms that should speak for themselves. Most are handed down by oral history, and contain proverbial forms, moral lessons, and snippets of a code of ethics.
