The Origins of Western Thought
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Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine: This presentation was a part of a series of invited lectures on Western philosophy as the foundation of Western medicine.
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The Origins of Western Thought
- 1. The philosophical origins of Western medicine Robert Shaw Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
- 2. 2 The public announcement 这四个讨论会是探索与西方医学的出现相关的哲学 问题。既然现代科学与现代技术是西方医学的一部 分，那么就有这样一个问题：西方科学、技术和医 学的形而上学基础是什么 ？为了解答这个问题，本 系列讲座将会利用德国哲学家马丁海德格尔的著作 和观点。这是一次历史和哲学性的问题。这个系列 讨论会是一个绪论，只是在对相关问题的原始思 考，不一定最终会得出关于西方形而上学的结论。 讲座的风格是苏格拉底式的而不是陈述性的。
- 3. 3 The public announcement These four meetings explore the philosophy that is relevant to the occurrence (phenomenon) of Western medicine. Modern science and modern technology are integral to Western medicine, and so we can pose the question: What are the metaphysical foundations of Western science, technology and medicine?
- 4. 4 The public announcement The approach taken to this question draws upon the work of the German philosopher Martin Heidegger. It is an historical and philosophical enquiry.
- 5. 5 The public announcement The series is a prolegomena - an initial exploration of related questions with no suggestion that we will draw conclusions about Western metaphysics. The style of presentation is Socratic and not declarative.
- 7. 7 1. The Origins of Western Ways The Pre-Socratic philosophers and Socrates began intellectual traditions that are still evident in Western philosophy, Western ways of living, and Western medicine. What are the pillars of Western thought which hold sway over our professional and private practices? What are the foundations of Western thought? Why did this distinctive approach to living occur? Parmenides and the Pythagoreans are important in this talk.
- 9. 9 2. Truth in Western Thought Truth is one of the principal foundations of Western thought. Nevertheless, the concept of truth has been in contention since its birth. Many in the West – pragmatists and sceptics –believe that truth is unobtainable. This discussion examines the historical concepts of truth, the role of truth in medicine and Heidegger’s radical insights into the notion of truth. It introduces Heidegger’s notion of metaphysics and the role of truth therein.
- 11. 11 3. What is Science? The nature of modern science was contentious for Galileo and Newton. It remains so today because of the challenges that humanity confronts. For example, modern physics endures with pervasive conceptual problems, the relationship between science and society is a challenge, and science education falters because there is a lack of clarity about objectives. This talk introduces the hermeneutic philosophy of science and explores its implications. It contrasts this account of science with positivism and constructionism.
- 13. 13 4. Western Modernity and Medicine This talk draws upon the work of Kant, Nietzsche, Husserl, and Heidegger to discuss a radical reconceptualization of Western thought. The birth of modernity established for the West a crisis that embraces philosophy as much as the way of life of ordinary people. In literature, the novels of David Foster Wallace describe the crisis, as does Melville’s Moby Dick. This discussion considers the metaphysical crisis in Western medicine and speculates on the future.
- 14. Lecture 1 The Origin of Western Ways Robert Shaw Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
- 15. 15 Structure for this talk Pythagoras Parmenides Plato
- 16. 16 What do you need to think if you are to think as the West thinks? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Rationality 合理性 Logic 逻辑性 Transcendence 超然性 Reality 现实性 Truth 真理 Evidence 证据
- 17. 17 Western metaphysics 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Rationality 合理性 Logic 逻辑性 Transcendence 超然性 Reality 现实性 Truth 真理 Evidence 证据
- 18. 18 Metaphysics 形而上学, n. pl. With of: The theoretical principles or higher philosophical rationale of some particular branch of knowledge. Occas. construed as sing. 某些学科的独特分支的理论原则和更高的哲学原理，就像在某一 时期的一首歌所描述的一样。
- 19. 19 Metaphysics 形而上学, n. pl. That branch of speculative inquiry which treats of the first principles of things, including such concepts as being, substance, essence, time, space, cause, identity, etc.; theoretical philosophy as the ultimate science of Being and Knowing. 作为思辨探索的分支，探讨事物的最初根源，包括存在、物质、 本质、时间、空间、缘由、同一性等等概念;理论哲学是存在与 认识的根本科学。
- 20. 20 Metaphysics 形而上学, n. pl. In various inaccurate or extended uses (partly based on the erroneous etymology mentioned above): Used by some followers of positivist, linguistic, or logical philosophy: concepts of an abstract or speculative nature which are not verifiable by logical or linguistic methods. 在各种各样模糊和扩展的用途当中（一定程度建立在以上提到 的错误语源学之上）：被一些实用主义、语言学或者逻辑哲学学 的追随者所利用：一些抽象概念或思辨性本质的概念是无法通过 逻辑或语言学方法证明的。
- 21. 21 Metaphysics A digression Definition pointless / strangely problematic After Aristotle: a search to find it appropriate Use is helpful Aristotle –after physics, Thales (water) Ultimate reality What is (being) Heidegger: Western metaphysics = modernity Turner, W. (1911). Metaphysics. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10226a.htm
- 22. 22 School of Athens Raphael, Sistine Chapel, 1511 1-Plato 2-Aristotle 3-Socrates 4-Xenophon 5-Æschines 6-Alcibiades 7-Zeno 8-Epicurus 9-Federico Gonzaga 10-Averroes 11-Pyhthagoras 12-Parmenides 13-Heraclitus 14-Diogenes 15-Archimedes 16 -Zoroaster 17-Ptolemy 18 Raphael.
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- 31. 31 Pythagoreans -3 1. Pythagoras 2. Pythagorean sects –5th & first-half of the 4th C BCE 3. Others said to be Pythagoreans – centuries later
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- 33. 33 Pythagorean sects 毕达哥拉斯教派 What produced their ideas? 什么使他们产生想法？ How did they live? 他们怎么生活？ Leisure休闲 Political power政治势力 Needs of law法律的需要 Initiation – secrecy – elitism 启蒙传授—保密—精英主义
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- 35. 35 Pythagoreans
- 36. Pythagoreans
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- 39. 39 Parmenides Fragments of 800 verses
- 40. 40 Parmenides
- 42. 42 Parmenides Born 515 BCE Eleatic School (from Elea) Zeno c490 – c430 The peninsula Those terrible Pythagoreans Xenophanes of Colophon (c.570 – c.475) – animal’s Gods, holism, truth & the unit Law – needs the truth Rejection of the senses! Power of reasoning 拒绝感性主义！理性的力量
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- 45. 45 On nature begins The mares (car) which carry me as far as my spirit ever aspired were escorting me, when they brought me and proceeded along the renowned road of the goddess, which brings a knowing mortal to all cities one by one. On this path I was being brought, on it wise mares were bringing me, straining the chariot, and maidens were guiding the way. 一直带着我并在通向女神的著名大道上前进时，带领通往精神所 向往的地方的母马一直守护着我，女神把博学的人类们一个 一个地带到城市中。在这条道路上我一直被引领着，智慧的 母马一直引领着我，我抓紧马车在处女在指引下前进。
- 47. 47 Parmenides poem Journey from darkness to light The way of opinion – doxa, perception The way of truth – logos (being) To think like God
- 48. 48 Parmenides insights He brings to Western thought Logic Importance of existence Truth (not Doxa) The province of the Gods
- 49. 49 Plato
- 50. 50 Plato 427 BC 407 BC 403 BC 399 BC 398 BC c. 385BC 380 BC 367 BC 361 BC 347 BC Born at Athens, Greece Meets Socrates Turns from politics toward philosophy The execution of Socrates by the Athenians Plato flees to Megara with other Socratics Travels Egypt, Cyrene, Italy, Syracuse and Sicily Founds his Academy outside of Athens Second trip to Syracuse Attempt to make Syracuse king a philosopher Dies at his Academy
- 51. 51 Plato’s Academy From 1 BC Critical thinking taught
- 52. 52 Plato: The Republic Third century manuscript, earliest c 380 BC (1713 text) Socratic dialog Ten books
- 53. 53 Major advances 主要的发展 Use of reason 理性的作用 Integration of thought 思想的集成 Justice正义 Individual 个体 Utopia 乌托邦 Analysis of society 对社会的分析 Political theory 政治理论 Education教育 Epistemology 认识论/ ontology 存在论 Appearance & reality 表象与现实 Doctrine of forms 形式主义 Allegory of the cave 洞穴的寓言
- 54. 54 The Republic Prologue I.1. 327a—328b. Descent to the Piraeus I.2—I.5. 328b—331d. Cephalus. Justice of the Older Generation I.6—1.9. 331e—336a. Polemarchus. Justice of the Middle Generation I.10—1.24. 336b—354c. Thrasymachus. Justice of the Sophist Introduction II.1—II.10. 357a—369b. The Question: Is Justice better than Injustice? Part I: Genesis and Order of the Polis II.11—II.16. 369b—376e. Genesis of the Polis II.16—III.18. 376e—412b. Education of the Guardians III.19—IV.5. 412b—427c. Constitution of the Polis IV.6—IV.19. 427c—445e. Justice in the Polis Part II: Embodiment of the Idea V.1—V.16. 449a—471c. Somatic Unit of Polis and Hellenes V.17—VI.14. 471c—502c. Rule of the Philosophers VI.19—VII.5. 502c—521c. The Idea of the Agathon VII.6—VII.18. 521c—541b. Education of the Philosophers Part III: Decline of the Polis VIII.1—VIII.5. 543a—550c. Timocracy VIII.6—VIII.9. 550c—555b. Oligarchy VIII.10—VIII.13. 555b—562a. Democracy VIII.14—IX.3. 562a—576b. Tyranny Conclusion IX.4—IX.13. 576b—592b Answer: Justice is Better than Injustice. Epilogue X.1—X.8. 595a—608b. Rejection of Mimetic Art X.9—X.11. 608c—612a. Immortality of the Soul X.12. 612a—613e. Rewards of Justice in Life X.13—X.16. 613e—621d. Judgment of the Dead
- 55. 55 Plato: The Republic 1. Aristocracy • Head • Guardians rule • Meritocracy or proto-technological state • Paternalistic 2. Timocracy • Chest • Spirit rules • People who love honour • The warriors rule • City state Spata • Security • G Bush 3. Oligarchy • Stomach • Emerges from the tension between economic status and honour • Divides the rich and poor • Creates criminals and beggars • Rich plot against the poor and visa versa 4. Democracy • Stomach • The poor win • Desire rules • People become downtrodden 5. Tyranny • Outcome of excessive freedom • Commoners invest power in a an elected demagogue who becomes corrupted by power • Leaders have a small group of loyal supporters for protection and control of the masses. Doctrine of three: head chest stomach The Soul 1. Reason 2. Spirit (zest) 3. Desire (for food, sex …) Castes of society 1. Governing 2. Protective 3. Productive
- 56. 56 Plato’s analogy of the cave
- 57. 57 The Republic
- 58. 58 Conclusion The Ancient Greeks are still with us, if hidden The problems they found, we find Our task is to think for ourselves Three philosophers augment our thinking
- 59. 59 1. The Origins of Western Ways The Pre-Socratic philosophers and Socrates began intellectual traditions that are still evident in Western philosophy, Western ways of living, and Western medicine. What are the pillars of Western thought which hold sway over our professional and private practices? What are the foundations of Western thought? Why did this distinctive approach to living occur? Parmenides and the Pythagoreans are important in this talk.
- 61. 61 Western metaphysics 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Rationality 合理性 Logic 逻辑性 Transcendence 超然性 Reality 现实性 Truth 真理 (next week) Evidence 证据 (next week)
- 62. Thank you Robert Shaw Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Pythagoras, the man in the centre with the book, teaching music, in The School of Athens by RaphaelSort of schoolWay of life
- Pythagoras, depicted on a 3rd-century coin3 levels : learners, listeners Way of lifeVows
- Fyodor Bronnikov, (1827—1902)Pythagoreans celebrate sunrise by Fyodor Bronnikov
- William Blake Richmond (1843-1921) An Audience in Athens during the Representation of the Agamemnon1884Birmingham Museum.
- Examples of Pythagorean Knowledge, circa 1800 BCPythagorean Knowledge In Ancient Babyloniahttp://www.egyptorigins.org/babpyth.htm
- Woodcut showing Pythagoras with bells, a kind of glass harmonica, a monochord and (organ?) pipes in Pythagorean tuning. From Theoricamusicae by FranchinoGaffurio, 1492 (1480?)
- Velia todayElia
- Plato writes “Parmenides”Willis, William H. "A New Fragment of Plato's Parmenides on Parchment." Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 12(1971): 539-552 (plate 6 following p. 544). The Duke Papyrus Archive provides electronic access to texts about and images of nearly 1400 papyri from ancient Egypt.
- First: Unicorn example.Second: Horse example.