1.
Theories and Research
Travis Balty, Amanda Brown, Chuck Mix, Jocelyn Morey
Southwest Baptist University

2.
• Explore nursing Theory/Theorist
• Understand purpose of chosen research article
• Understand clinical applications of nursing theory
• Develop ways to include theory into own practice

3.
Citation:
Hayes, M., & Jones, D. (2007). Health as expanding
consciousness: pattern recognition and
incarcerated mothers, a transforming experience.
Journal Of Forensic Nursing, 3(2), 61-66.
Working Link:
http://eagle.sbuniv.edu:2152/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid
=02c427f6-6031-4c87-98db-
cb235bafed88%40sessionmgr11&vid=4&hid=115

4.
• In-depth look into Margaret Newman’s theory, Health as
Expanding Consciousness (HEC)
• The application of theory to incarcerated Mother’s
awaiting release
• Application of Reflection when movement-time-space are
restricted to promote organization of life patterns, new
directions and move them to new place in life (Hayes &
Jones, 2007).

5.
• Use of HEC to provide a framework to guide practice
(Hayes & Jones, 2007)
• This would allow for new insights about the life patterns
of incarcerated individuals

6.
• HEC is grounded in three basic assumptions:
1. Health
2. Expanding Consciousness
3. Movement-space-time

7.
• Health is Unitary pattern of the whole, including disease
(Hayes & Jones, 2007).
• Health comes from the Old English word “Hale”, meaning
“wholeness”(Nordqvist, 2009).
• Health includes
mental, emotional, psychosocial, relationships, and
physical

8.
• Expanding consciousness is seen as the evolving pattern
of person-environment interaction (Hayes & Jones,
2007).
• Prison provided a stable/unchanging environment to
foster the partnership between nurse/client and provide a
ground for honesty and forthrightness

9.
• Movement-Space-Time are embedded patterns of
evolving consciousness (Hayes & Jones, 2007)
• When movement-space-time are restricted it provides
time for recognition of life patterns, choices, and
reorganization to new life choices

10.
• Health as Expanding Consciousness
• It was written by Margaret Newman.
• The first published version appeared in 1979. (Alligood,
457)
• Her view points came from:
• Theorist Martha Rogers
• Caring for her mother who had ALS

11.
• A theory is:
• Statements that describe , explain, or predict relationships among
concepts. (Alligood, 520)
• Her theory:
• Describes a relationship between time, space, and movement.
• Explains that having a disease doesn’t make you unhealthy

12.
• Person
• Whole, or “unitary”, no parts
• Identified by patterns of consciousness
• Health
• Health and illness are one in the same
• Environment
• A “universe of open systems”
Nursing Theories, 2011

13.
• Newman developed pattern identification
• Sharing patterns with a person is nursing practice.
• Nurses are viewed as therapeutic partners.
• They join with the patient in search for patterns.
• Reveals/recognizes patterns in peoples
lives.

14.
• Help people find meaning in their life
• Everyone is part of a universal process
• Develop relationships/connect with others and the world
• Health is an expansion of consciousness (Nursing
Theories, 2011)

15.
• “Pattern recognition provided a way to approach
understanding” (Hayes & Jones, 2007)
• It allowed nurses to be therapeutic
• Writers gained insight from the incarcerated mothers.
• The mothers also gained insight into their situation.
• It helped lead the mothers to better choices.

16.
• Dynamics of theory give researchers a guideline
• Helps inmates to develop different relationships
• Helps writers understand the criminal experience
• Provides a great opportunity for changed lives
• Optimal time is at start of incarceration.

17.
• “HEC promotes the integration of nursing knowledge
across theory, research, and practice that fosters the
evolving of new knowledge to advance the science, and
the application of the knowledge by nurses to improve
the lives of people globally” (Jones, 2006).

18.
• HEC has been used in multiple qualitative research
articles to address patterns and decisions by patients
and their outcome on the patients expanding
consciousness.
• HEC provides many parallels in the areas of
purpose, timing, process, and health outcomes
(Brown, 2011).

19.
• Families with a child with special needs
(Falkenstern, Gueldner, & Newman, 2009)
• Incarcerated mothers (Hayes & Jones, 2007)
• Understanding spousal caregivers experiences
(MacLeod, 2011)
• Hmong American women living with diabetes
(Yang, Xiong, Vang, & Dexheimer, 2009)
• Life patterns of women transitioning through menopause
(Musker, 2008)

20.
• In children, HEC can be started at an early age.
 By including children in health care discussions, they can start
to understand their health as a whole.
 Early awareness allows children to expand their consciousness
of person-environment interaction.
 Movement-space-time patterns are imbedded earlier and
assists in recognition of life patterns later in life.

21.
• Newly diagnosed diabetic patients
Assist patient in understanding health as a whole including illness
Expanding consciousness through recognition of new patterns
such as checking blood sugars daily and monitoring diet
Use exercise and dietary changes to establish more health
conscious choices.

22.
• New patients
Initial complete physical exams with labs to determine health
pattern.
Review questionnaires, lab results, and physical exam to expand
consciousness and determine evolving patterns.
New diagnoses and illness can be use as opportunity to re-
evaluate life patterns.

23.
Alligood, M. R. (2010) Nursing Theory: Utilization and Application (4th ed.). Maryland Heights, Missouri:
Mosby Elsevier.
Falkenstern, S., Gueldner, S., & Newman, M. (2009). Health as expanding consciousness with families with a
child with special healthcare needs. Nursing Science Quarterly, 22(3), 267-279.
doi:10.1177/0894318409337015
Hayes, M., & Jones, D. (2007). Health as expanding consciousness: pattern recognition and incarcerated
mothers, a transforming experience. Journal Of Forensic Nursing, 3(2), 61-66.
Jones, Dorothy A. (2006). Newman’s health as expanding consciousness. Nursing Science Quarterly, 19(4),
330-332.
Nordqvist, C. (2009, May 21). What is health? What does good health mean?. In Medical News Today.
Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/150999.php
MacLeod, C. E. (2011). Understanding Experiences of Spousal Caregivers with Health as Expanding
Consciousness. Nursing Science Quarterly, 24(3), 245-255. doi:10.1177/0894318411409420
Musker, K. (2008). Life patterns of women transitioning through menopause: a Newman research study.
Nursing Science Quarterly, 21(4), 330-342.
Nursing Theories. 2011. Health as expanding consciousness. Retrieved October 24 from
http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Newman_Health_As_Expanding_Consciousness.html
Yang, A., Xiong, D., Vang, E., & Pharris, M. (2009). Hmong American women living with diabetes. Journal Of
Nursing Scholarship, 41(2), 139-148. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2009.01265.x