This presentation was given at Hydrospatial 2021 held in February 2022 at Cairns, Queensland. The presentation looks at capability of the futuristic Oceania Infrastructure and Environmental Support System.

1. Videre Parare Est
BACK TO THE FUTURE:
The Climate for Change & The Hydrographer of the Future
A 2030 HYDROSPATIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
I don't think of what I do as science fiction. I think of it as historical reports of events that
haven't happened yet!
AN ENDURING PROFESSION
Dr R.J. (Bob) Williams [Retired]
Cartographer
Topographic Surveyor,
Geographer & Geospatial Scientist
February 2022

2. MANAGING EVENTS AND INCIDENTS IN A COMPLEX ENVIRONMENT
By 2025 the Oceania has become a truly complex environment:
v International trade and associated infrastructure costs have become
contemporary challenges driven by very competitive markets in the region.
The efficient management of the infrastructure and the protection of the
infrastructure are vitally important.
v Terrorism remains a serious concern in the South-East Asia – Oceania region;
concerns that include the safety of transportation. National security is a high
priority for the nation’s government.
v Environmental incidents seem to have become far more extreme and more
common. The past decade has witnessed devastating events that have
contributed to loss of life and high financial costs.
v Climate change and sea level rise remains a major issue of concern
v Pollution of the oceans and littoral areas has reached critical importance
In the year 2025
Recalling

3. No maritime activity takes place safely, sustainably or cost effectively
v Without charts or maps of the sea
No ship sails safely
No port is built
No offshore infrastructure is developed
No island is protected
No shore is defended
No maritime boundary is delimited
No rescue is attempted
No environmental plan is implemented
HYDROGRAPHY is
an increasingly important resource
for :
v Energy
v Food
v Medicines
v Minerals
v Recreation
v Telecommunications
v …..
All this is the BLUE ECONOMY!
From Presentation by John Maschke, Captain RANR – World Hydrography Day 2017
The BLUE ECONOMY!

4. Meeting the National Security Crisis
- Contemporary Threats to Security
Border Security
Illegal immigration
Critical Infrastructure Protection
National icons
Communication networks
Financial institutions
… … …
Environmental Degradation
Pollution
… …
Health & Medical
Burns and injurie
Border Security
Illegal fishing
Homeland Security
Narcotics and crime
Natural Disasters
Fire, flood, weather
Earthquake
etc
Border Security -
Homeland Security
Pandemic diseases
Border Security
People smuggling
Critical Infrastructure Protection
Transportation networks
Logistics facilities
… … …
Transnational Crime
Weapons of mass
destruction
The World Health Organisation declared
COVID-19 a PANDEMIC on 11 March 2020
3,700+ deaths – Feb 2022
2020-22
The BLACK SUMMER forest
fires of 2019–2020 burned
more than 24 million hectares, directly
causing 33 deaths and almost 450
more from smoke inhalation.
Section 3 “Geo-Strategic Influences” in doctrine publication The Australian Approach to Warfare, Canberra, 2002
2019-20
2002
Recalling

5. Welcome to AEPCOTAT &
Geranium OIESS-2025
AEPCOTAT
– Australasia Experimental Prototype Community of Today and Tomorrow
Garden
Island
OIESS-2030 Vision
Burrows’ GISMO
Dr Bob
SAGE Avatar
Endeavour Flipper Oceania Sea Eagle
Cutlass
KONGSBERG
General Integrated
Survey Model of the
Ocean
Specialist Adviser
on Geography and
the Environment
Recalling

6. OIESS facilitates
v Interaction with future navigation systems;
v Integration of natural disaster information;
v Command and control of incident response to national security tasks;
and
v Outcomes via an advanced Geospatial Information Infrastructure.
Event Recording and Replay Capability
The future will
require new
concepts such as
crewless ships
The concept of an “Intelligent Q-Route” is a concept that supports safe navigation in hazardous areas.
The future will require new
concepts such
surveillance and
navigation support by
unmanned underwater and
airborne vehicles
Geranium OIESS-2025 - Capability
OIESS
– Oceania Infrastructure & Environmental Support System
https://www.kongsberg.com/maritime/support/themes/autonomous-shipping/
https://www.kongsberg.com/maritime/support/themes/autonomous-ship-project-key-
facts-about-yara-birkeland/
Recalling

7. Navigation
TOPICS
Environmental
Protection
Q912E leaving Brisbane for 16 nights from 3 to 19 April
Scenario #1 - Intelligent navigation
On Tuesday 8 April 2025, Cunard’s QE2
approached Simpson Bay, Rabaul. A still
active volcano greeted it with a
continuous spew of ash, smoke, and
small rocks. The Rabaul caldera, is a
large volcano on the tip of the Gazelle
Peninsula in East New Britain, Papua
New Guinea.
Having spent an afternoon in Simpson
Bay, the QE2 then continued on its leg to
Manila, Philippines seemingly incident
free to the passengers on board.
The issue of Safety Of Life At Sea has
now reached new levels of complexity
during the decade with attacks from
terrorists, high-jackings, and drug
trafficking activities compounding the
challenges of natural events.
Extreme Natural
Events - Volcano
Recalling

8. The Endeavour is the Geranium OIESS’s
deployable asset and has a range of highly
advanced capabilities. These include:
v Cutlass - a ‘drone’ with sensors capable
of measuring gasses and soils that
enable the on-board Incident Response
Cell to determine ‘safety’ for the tourists;
v Flipper - an unmanned underwater
vehicle with a range of sensors to assist
in navigation.
Scenario #1 - Geranium assets
PNT [Position / Navigation / Timing]
Multi-Level Security
OIESS
Contribution
to a
Secure
World
Cutlass has a truly unique capability that is
required for this voyage by QE2. Cyber-terrorists
have disrupted and disabled GPS and,
subsequently, precision navigation using space-
based systems. However, during the preceding
decade hydrographers have modified
existing lighthouses throughout
the archipelago with geodetic
accuracy. Cutlass is then able
to calculate a ‘Q-route’ and
escort/pilot QE2 safely.
Another of Geranium’s assets is access to the
highly classified Oceania Sea Eagle which
monitors maritime traffic of all types as well as on-
shore weapons of terrorist groups.
OIESS Sea Eagle
Cutlass
Endeavour
Flipper
Recalling

9. Natural Disasters
Fire
Flood
Weather
Earthquake
Volcano
Volcano – Whakaari / White Island Eruption
On 9 December 2019 White Island, an active strato-
volcano island in New Zealand's north-eastern Bay of
Plenty region explosively erupted. The island was a
popular tourist destination, known for its volcanic
activity, and 47 people were on the island at the time.
Fatalities: 22 (including 2 who are missing, declared
dead); Injuries: 25
A still taken one minute before the
eruption showed hikers in the crater
[White Island Crater webcam]
2019
Ovation of the Seas

10. Natural Disasters
Fire
Flood
Weather
Earthquake
Volcano
On 14 January 2022, a very large eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai, an uninhabited
volcanic island of the Tongan archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, began.
The eruption was likely the biggest recorded anywhere on the planet in more than 30 years;
since Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines.
Video footage showed people fleeing as waves inundated Tonga's capital, Nuku'alofa, and the
afternoon sky turned pitch black due to the heavy ash cloud. Tsunami waves were also
recorded thousands of miles away along the United States' West Coast, in Peru, New Zealand
and Japan.
Tonga's communication cable could be down
for more than two weeks after a violent
volcanic eruption cut the Tonga's
only undersea communications cable,
isolating the country from contact with the
outside world.
Volcano – Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Eruption
2022

11. Navigation – Great Circle
“Stranded by COVID, Australians struggle to get to Argentina in time for record-breaking repatriation flight”, ABC News
Online, 28 Sept 2021
“An 18 hour non-stop flight might sound like an unpleasant ordeal to many, but Australians stranded across
South America say they are doing everything they can just to board the plane.
The record-breaking Qantas flight from the Argentina capital Buenos Aires to Darwin — via the South Pole —
is set to depart on October 5”.
On September 29, 2021 I made a post on
LINKEDIN–
“So, Spatial scientists, Space and spatial
scientists, GISers - where will it probably cross
the Australian coastline? An answer by the
end of today would be informative!”
I did not receive any responses!
On October 7 I posted a link to AirNav.
RadarBox that plotted the route.
I also posted my map of the Great Circle … …
2021

12. Navigation – Great Circle
As a Cartographer I long have had an interest in spherical trigonometry and oblique aspect projections.
I wrote my first computer program in 1979 at Canberra College of Advanced Education with a great circle plot
between London and Sydney. In 1982 I rewrote the software to produce prototype enRoute Charts for RAAF
Aeronautical Information Service (AIS).
In 1983 I again rewrote the program for use by JIO (Joint Intelligence Organisation). The plot below was
produced on 1 June. It was a map to show the relationship of Australian cities to the Falkland Islands. The
Great Circle path passed by McMurdo and Ceduna en route to Darwin. [Hence my estimate that the crossing
point on the Australian coastline by QF14 would be near Ceduna].

13. Geranium OIESS
v A Command Support Infrastructure
Resources
Coordination of:
agency collaboration
emergency services
integrated communications
asset management
Intelligence
Collaboration with:
national security agencies
maritime agencies
aeronautical agencies
emergency management agencies
Higher
Authority
Surveillance &
Monitoring
NOAA photo
Support for:
natural disasters
incidents and events
terrorist activities
illegal fishing
illegal migration
Coordination
Consider OIESS as being within a next-generation
NATIONAL DISASTER ORGANISATION [NDO]
OIESS
Support for:
navigation
terrorist emergencies
maritime search and rescue
multi-agency disaster relief
illegal fishing
illegal immigration
integrated communications

14. Photogrammetry
Remote sensing
Cartography
INFORMATION PRODUCTION
DATA ACQUISITION
Information Management &
Dissemination
Geodetic surveying
Satellite and airborne surveying
Hydrographic surveying
Remote sensing Photogrammetry
Cartography
POLICY, DOCTRINE & MANAGEMENT
“A Geospatial Information Infrastructure
provides information about the world and is
vital
² in supporting the development of our
nation and the region, and
² in defending our nation and its people”
Imagery analysts
Geospatial analysts
OIESS
Readiness assessment
Geospatial Information Infrastructure
v OIESS as a User Requirements’ system
Needs assessment
Recalling

15. Reasoning and advice
for situation awareness
and response options
Geospatial and imagery databases,
products and services
structured for use in C3ISR systems,
smart navigation systems, and
facilities / asset management systems
Geospatial reasoning for
terrain modelling,
environmental analysis,
site selection, sensor management,
asset and fleet management, and
mission planning and rehearsal
View
View
Gives
View
Processing for
• Terrain Visualisation
• Network Analysis
Analysis for
• Mission Planning
• Avenues of Approach
Datasets for
• Terrain Analysis
• Transport
& Logistics
e.g. ACTIVITY
• Evacuation planning
PURPOSE
• Operational planning
and rehearsal
ANALYST
viewpoint
AGENCY
viewpoint
CSS
viewpoint
Gives
Gives
Contingency support plans
Operational orders
Response Options
Risk assessment
Capability development
for operational planning,
modelling and simulation,
rehearsal and operation
educate
influence
information
knowledge
EVACUATION
PLANNING
AEPCOTAT & Geranium OIESS
v Evolution from manual planning to analytical geospatial
& temporal reasoning
A H O
Agency function of
acquisition, compilation and
production of geospatial information
and imagery products to populate a
geospatial information infrastructure
GII&S Infrastructure
OIESS
Maritime INT
Recalling

16. Can such a ‘paradigm shift’ be made to address 2025 vision and beyond … ?
THE ROSETTA MISSION
November 12, 2014
WELCOME TO A COMET
Photo: ESA
We've turned science fiction into science fact today.
Our ambitious Rosetta mission has
secured another place in the history
books”, Warwick Holmes told ABC from the
ESA's operations centre in Darmstady, Germany.
BACK TO THE FUTURE – Ben Bova 1989
“I don't think of what I do as science fiction, I think of it as historical reports of events
that haven't happened yet”
Ben Bova# presented the Keynote Address “Welcome to Moonbase’ [2020] to the ASPRS/ACSM/AUTO-
CARTO 9 Conference, Baltimore
presentation included 7 slides relating Rosetta
components with past initiatives.
The

17. “The search for “origins” in the history of technology is often disappointing. Each origin uncovers
some predecessors vanishing into the mists. More importantly, the distinct competitors turn out to
be much more entwined than imagined. This paper will describe the community into which
automated cartography emerged. Being “first” is only something that is apparent in retrospect.
It makes sense to remember a bit more about the pre-history of geographic information
systems, not just to get the history right, but to understand how the events of prior periods
influence the way the technology develops”.
Nick Chrisman
The Rosetta mission demonstrates an interesting concept - the ‘search for origins’.
Now, with a vision for 2025 for Geranium OIESS, it is worth reviewing our heritage.
1770 Lieutenant James COOK, Royal Navy
Cook used his knowledge and skills of topographic surveying by plane-table for
surveying parts of the east coast.
HMB Endeavour
2002 Geranium Dr Bob (Avatar) within SAGE (Specialist Adviser on Geography & the Environment).
presentation included 12 slides relating to past events
and initiatives – A Proud History.
The
to
eGeoBrief – “Multi-media cartography now permits us to
present geographic and environmental information in a
range of forms and formats from a traditional country
brief, to enhanced infrastructure directories to abstract
visualisations via web-enabled applications".

18. A Proud Heritage – EGICS
(Environmental & Geographic Information Capability Study)
1997 In March 1995, the Australian Defence Organisation’s Concepts and Capabilities Committee (CCC) endorsed the
Capability Analysis Plan (CAP) which provides a basis for the planning and conduct of major capabilities analyses.
The CAP provides for a study of Environmental and Geographic Information to be undertaken in 1996/97.
The Goal of EGICS was to offer a strategy to
progress the concept of a Geospatial
Information Infrastructure (GII).
v The infrastructure is the collection of
people, policies, doctrine, architectures,
standards, education and training, and
technologies necessary to create, maintain,
and utilise a shared geospatial framework.
v The infrastructure should enable
development of an infrastructure that
transitions from, essentially, a paper-based
capability to an architecture that provides
information and services across the
portfolio: a service that provides the right
information to the appropriate user in the
appropriate timeframe.
EGICS was suspended in May 1997 due to the intervention of the Defence Reform Program
1997
presentation included 12 slides relating to past events
and initiatives – A Proud History – Slide 34 is significant
The

19. Capability Development includes Concepts of Operation with associated Tasks e.g. CONCEPT OF
OPERATION – Protection of Shipping and Offshore Territories, Assets and Resources
CONCEPTS OF OPERATION could include:
q Maritime Patrol and Response
q Detecting and Defeating Incursions onto Australian Territory and Protecting Assets
and Infrastructure
q Contribution to the National Response to Incidents in the South Pacific
Securing Oceania’s maritime approaches for the safe passage of shipping is a vital
security requirement.
In addition to a traditional role of security against military attack, there are needs for a range of
nontraditional threats, including illegal entry of people, the smuggling of drugs or other contraband,
unlicensed foreign fishing activity, disease, and in a worst case scenario, the entry of terrorists.
EGICS – A Maritime Perspective
(OIESS – Capability Development Process)
HYDROGRAPHIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC
CHALLENGES
q Measuring the shape of the South-West Pacific regions
q Monitoring the quality of the region’s ocean and littoral zone
presentation included 5 slides expanding on the
Capability Development
The
Recalling

20. The Climate for Change –
Our real world challenges are daunting:
Every thing, every event and every incident are all spatially and temporally related and if you
don’t understand the relationships you will never win the ‘war’.
The Oceania has become a truly complex environment:
The challenge is to manage events and incidents in a complex environment – a ‘war’.
The scope of issues includes those of the BLUE ECONOMY – a ‘war’!
The complexity includes CONTEMPORARY THREATS TO SECURITY – a ‘war’!
It’s Time for Change !

21. A PROUD HISTORY
ROSETTA & BACK TO THE FUTURE
Heritage and Vision –
Indocti discant et ament meminisse periti
We've turned science fiction into science fact today!

22. ENDURING PROFESSIONS
The Hydrographer of the Future
VIDERE PARARE EST
To see is to Prepare
HYDROGRAPHY is the branch of applied sciences which deals with the measurement and description of
the physical features of oceans, seas, coastal areas, lakes and rivers, as well as with the prediction of their
change over time, for the primary purpose of safety of navigation and in support of all other marine activities,
including economic development, security and Defence, scientific research, and environmental protection.
TOPOGRAPHY is the study of the shape and features of land features. The topography of an area refers to
the surface shapes and features on the ground and their arrangement. Traditional definitions require a
topographic map to show both natural and man-made features.
CARTOGRAPHY is the study and practice of making and using maps. Combining science, aesthetics and
technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial
information effectively.
GEOGRAPHY studies the distribution of various facts and phenomena with their areal differentiation in
composition and structure on the earth surface, while CARTOGRAPHY deals with the method expression
and communication of these facts and phenomena with symbols and graphs.
The enduring professions are fundamental to observing our
world and communicating the phenomena of our world.

23. Oceanography includes:
² global and coastal sea surface
temperatures
² climatological layers of temperature,
salinity and sound speed
² tidal variations and currents, sea
surface isotherms, etc
Hydrography includes maritime
features such as:
² Continental coastlines
² Islands, islets and exposed rocks
² Reefs and ledges
² Submerged rocks and wrecks
² Foreshore, marine flats and swamps
² Straits, channels and passages, etc
Meteorology includes:
² Climate and weather, temperatures &rainfall
² Atmosphere
² Cloud, fog and precipitation, etc
Sea infrastructure includes:
² Ports and harbours, etc
² Channels incl buoys, beacons, critical depths
² Wharves, docks, jetties, landings, etc
² Passenger terminals
² Cargo handling facilities, etc
² Dry-dock and maintenance facilities, etc
² Navigable rivers and canals including locks
² Marine navigation aids, lighthouses, etc
² Marinas, anchorages, etc.
Understanding our World -
The Domain of Environmental & Geographic Information:
The Domain of Geographic and Environmental Information
The Hydrographer of the Future – Environment & Geography
The Hydrographer of the Future needs to represent these features through modelling and
representation techniques and utilising a range of technologies to create a Virtual World !

24. The Hydrographer of the Future – Surveying a ‘living world’
Colourful hydrothermal vents and chimneys on
the volcanic Vailulu'u seamount in the Samoan
islands. The ocean floor was long thought to be
flat and featureless, but new technology is
revealing - and mapping - its diverse topography.
(Photo: Vailulu'u 2005 Exploration, NOAA-OE)
Hydrographic Surveyors of the Future
will continue to be proactive in adopting
emerging technologies!
Hydrography should be the over-
arching science.
Oceanography
² physical oceanography (the study of waves, currents, tides and
ocean energy);
² geological oceanography (the study of the sediments, rocks and
structure of the seafloor and coastal margins);
² chemical oceanography (the study of the composition and
properties of seawater)
Bathymetry is the study and
mapping of the sea floor.
Meteorology is the science dealing
with the atmosphere and its phenomena,
including both weather and climate.
Hydrography is the branch of applied sciences which deals with the measurement and description of the
physical features of oceans, seas, coastal areas, lakes and rivers, as well as with the prediction of their change
over time, for the primary purpose of safety of navigation and in support of all other marine activities, including
economic development, security and Defence, scientific research, and environmental protection.
Geodesy is the Earth science of accurately
measuring and understanding Earth's geometric
shape, orientation in space, and gravitational field.
Ex-Tropical Cyclone Seth has
changed south-east Queensland's
coastline, with massive swells
buffeting Bribie Island's northern tip
and splitting the island in two.

25. The Hydrographer of the Future – Cartography in a ‘living world’
Sailing directions Navigation aids (e.g. Lights) Tide tables
Cartography is the representation and communication of
the phenomena of the ‘known World’
Intelligent navigation
Borders Critical infrastructure Environmental issues
Where on Earth are you?
From traditional charts, documents and publications
From traditional charts, documents and publications
Decision support systems within a Geographic Information Infrastructure
Decision support systems within a Geographic Information Infrastructure
PLUS an abundance of requirements covering the scope of maritime topics as well as infrastructure and
environmental requirements
THEN there is the need to convert information and processes for autonomous assets and future
‘avatars’ [“mind inside matter”]

26. Hydrographic Cartographers of the Future need to translate ‘paper-based’
documents into ‘information systems’! Cartographers should address deep structure
of geographical relationships as part of spatial context and meaning.
Cartographers need advanced education in cartography and computer science.
From the N and E coasts of Australia and New Zealand to
China and the East Seas
The Ocean Route, E of New Guinea and the Philippines, passes through
the Solomon Sea and continues NW through the Caroline Islands and the
Marianas Archipelago to destinations in China, Japan, and the N Asiatic
coast. To pass through the Solomon Sea from Brisbane and ports S, head to
pass 20 miles E of Frederick Reef, or to make a landfall on it, and then
midway between Adele Islet and Pocklington Reef for Bougainville Strait.
New Ireland—Approaches to Kavieng
The area bounded by lines joining the following positions is dangerous to
navigation due to magnetic mines:
a. 2°25'S, 150°25'E.
b. 2°25'S, 150°55'E.
c. 2°45'S, 150°55'E.
d. 2°45'S, 150°25'E.
Sydney to Suva, Fiji.*—
Proceed via the great circle track between Sydney and Kandavu Passage. This route
passes about 22 miles SE of Elizabeth Reef, 18 miles SE of Hunter Island and, 32 miles
NW of Conway Reef. In the vicinity of Elizabeth Reef caution must be exercised due to
the presence of variable currents.
The Hydrographer of the Future – ‘Intelligent Navigation’

27. The Hydrographer of the Future – ‘Intelligent Navigation’
Courtesy of the USS GERMANTOWN
Cairns—Entrance Channel
Hydrographic Cartographers of the Future need to translate ‘paper-based’
documents into ‘information systems’! Cartographers should address
deep structure of geographical relationships as part of spatial context and meaning.
Cartographers need advanced education in cartography and computer science.

28. “Fifteen British navy personnel have been captured at gunpoint by Iranian forces, the
Ministry of Defence says. The men were seized at 1030 local time when they boarded a
boat in the Gulf, off the coast of Iraq, which they suspected was smuggling cars.
Tehran claims it arrested the 15 because they had strayed into Iranian waters while on
a routine patrol. The UK insists it was in Iraqi waters”.
Friday, 23 March 2007
The Hydrographer & Borders – “Where on Earth are You?”
MOD briefing shows Royal Navy personnel were in Iraqi waters
28 Mar 07
“The Ministry of Defence has presented evidence which shows that the fifteen personnel
detained by Iranian authorities on Friday 23 March 2007 were operating in Iraqi waters when
they were seized”.
Notes on Iran-Iraq Border
30 March 2007
q “No maritime boundary has ever been agreed between Iran and Iraq”.
q “Iran is not a party to the law of the sea conventions”.
q “Iran uses straight baselines”.
Martin Pratt, Director of research at the University of Durham's International
Boundaries Research Unit, said “shifting coastlines caused problems as it meant the
median line could not be calculated precisely”.
"A shifting coastline with mud flats that appear and disappear over time mean you
don't have a sound basis with which to draw a median line”.
“I don't see how either side can claim to be certain whose waters the vessel was in
when the arrest was made”.
Tuesday, 3 April 2007, 16:36 GMT 17:36 UK
“The ‘Murky Waters’ of the Shaţţ al ’Arab Waterway”

29. Iran Air Flight 655 (IR655) was a commercial flight operated by Iran Air that flew from Tehran to
Bandar Abbas to Dubai. On July 3, 1988, the airplane flying IR655 was shot down by the U.S. Navy
guided missile cruiser USS Vincennes between Bandar Abbas and Dubai, killing all 290 passengers
and crew aboard, including 38 non-Iranians.
On the morning of July 3, the Vincennes crossed into Iranian territorial
waters during clashes with Iranian gunboats.
AIRCRASH
INVESTIGATIONS
H-13
L-18
The Hydrographer & Borders – “Where on Earth are You?”
“7 Minutes that stunned the US Navy”
v The shooting down of IR655 by the USS Vincennes

30. APPLIED
RESEARCH
Natural Environment
Infrastructure Modelling
Logistics
Navigation
Transportation
Health
etc
BASIC
RESEARCH
Geodesy & Surveying
Cartography – Mapping
Various Sensor Technologies
Applied Mathematics
& Computer Science
(e.g. Artificial Intelligence)
CAPABILTY
DEVELOPMENT
INFORMATION
REQUIREMENTS
² Analysis of Strategic Guidance
² Environmental & Geographic
Information Capability Studies
² Determination of the Scope
of Geographic Information
Needs Analysis
SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
System Design
Requirements Management
Project management
APPLIED
RESEARCH
The Hydrographer of the Future – Research and Development
Concept Demonstrators
Prototype Development
Test-beds
Leading to the acquisition
of
new, more advanced
CAPABILITY
AEPCOTAT
& OIESS

31. POLICY is a deliberate system of guidelines to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent and
is implemented as a procedure or protocol. Policies are generally adopted by a governance body within an organization.
The transition from maps and charts to a ‘virtual world’ commenced
through formal directives [Policy] decades ago
Strategic Policy
A Policy Information Paper, The Defence of Australia, was tabled in Parliament by the Minister
for Defence Kim C. Beazley on 19 March 1987.
A comprehensive geographic information system is vital to the development of a national
defence capability …”.
Cooperative Development of DIGITAL CHART OF THE WORLD
Agreement Between The Government Of Australia And The Government Of The United
States Of America Concerning Cooperative Development Of The Digital Chart Of The
World - AUSTRALIAN TREATY SERIES 1990 No.23
The DCW project was a joint R&D (Research and Development) venture involving the
US, Australia, Canada and the UK, and developed internationally accepted standards for
the exchange of digitally based mapping, charting and geodetic information.
Multinational Co-production – VaCWG and MGCP
DGIWG is the multi-national body responsible to the defence organizations of member nations
for coordinated advice and policy recommendations on geospatial standardization issues.
DGIWG is the custodian of DIGEST (Digital Geographic Information Exchange Standard).
DIGEST includes a structure known as VRF (Vector Relational Format) and a Feature and
Attribute Coding Catalog (FACC).
VMap Co production Working Group (VaCWG) managed VMap Level 1 [1:250,000 equiv]
The Multinational Geospatial Co-Production Program (MGCP) was initiated in 2003.
2001

32. The transition from maps and charts to a ‘virtual world’ commenced
through innovative Education programs commenced decades ago.
EDUCATION is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills and personal
development and should be an enlightening experience.
During 1977-80 I undertook the first of my tertiary studies at the (then)
Canberra College of Advanced Education (now the University of
Canberra) towards the award of Bachelor of Arts in Computing Studies
(Cartography major).
In June 1983, I was given the opportunity to study at the University of
Wisconsin (UW) at Madison in the USA for the award of Master of
Science (Cartography).
In 1985 I gave a presentation titled “Enquiry Systems for the Interrogation
of Infrastructure” at Auto-Carto 7 Conference, Washington DC.
The University of
New South Wales
-
Australian
Defence Force
Academy
Apple Macintosh II
In 1989 I gave a presentation titled “Geographic
Information: Aspects of Phenomenology and
Cognition” at Auto-Carto 9 Conference, Baltimore,
MD.
In 1988, I was given the opportunity to study at the University of
New South Wales at ADFA for the award of PhD. My thesis was
titled “Analysis of Geographic Information: a Cognitive
Approach”.

33. AEPCOTAT &
Geranium OIESS-2025
AEPCOTAT
– Australasia Experimental Prototype Community of Today and Tomorrow
Garden
Island
OIESS-2030 Vision
Dr Bob
SAGE Avatar
Endeavour Flipper Oceania Sea Eagle
Cutlass
Autonomous assets
A New ‘Black Box’
A ‘Virtual World’
Domain of Environmental & Geographic Information
Burrows’ GISMO
Recalling

34. SSGT Bob Williams operating a Magnavox AN/
PRR-14 portable Doppler satellite (US Navy
Navigation Satellite System – TRANSIT)
receiver – 1976
TRANSIT Doppler satellite AN/PRR-14 geodetic
receiver (Geoceiver) was a huge technological
and logistic leap, allowing geodetic quality surveys
to be established with stations independent of
each other, in any weather, any terrain, anywhere
in the world, 24 hours a day.
The Royal Australian Survey Corps (RASVY) was
equipped with six Geoceivers in 1975 as a Corps
asset and which were allocated as required to all
field survey squadrons for surveys in Australia,
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and the South
West Pacific.
Images and historical information from
Christopher Coulthard-Clark’s
Australia’s Military Mapmakers
Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 3000
ISBN 0 19 551343 6
Images and historical information from
Lawrence FitzGerald’s
Lebanon to Labuan
J.G.Holmes, Melbourne, 1980
ISBN 0 9594979
Forward by Minster of Defence Kim C. Beazley in
Desmond Ball & Ross Babbage (Eds)
Geographic Information Systems:
Defence Applications
Pergamon Press, Sydney, 2000
ISBN 0 08 034444 5
REFERENCES

35. Closing comment – The word ‘spatial’
Executive Order 12906 of April 11, 1994
Coordinating Geographic Data Acquisition and Access:
The National Spatial Data Infrastructure
…
Section 1. Definitions. (a) ‘‘National Spatial Data Infrastructure’’ (‘‘NSDI’’) means the
technology, policies, standards, and human resources necessary to acquire, process,
store, distribute, and improve utilization of geospatial data.
…
THE WHITE HOUSE, April 11, 1994
US Defense Science Board
Department of Defense should transition from emphasis on standard scale map and chart
production to providing a readily accessible source of digital information which will satisfy
military geospatial, mapping, charting and weapon systems requirements.
“A vision is needed to provide digital distributed databases of geospatial temporal
information as the foundation for military information systems”. DoD should:
- Evolve a distributed heterogeneous Intenet-like architecture that uses the geospatial
databases as its foundation
- Change the defense mapping mission to: Maintain the geospatial databases and protect
access and integrity”
… … OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
September 15, 1995
30 MAY, 2001
Digital Geographic Information Working Group (DGIWG)
DGIWG SC Policy and Technical Strategy Group observed that some were using Vmap products
to make ‘standard’ maps and NOT as a database and, consequently viewed that a name change
was needed (using the term ‘geospatial’).
CAUTION:
SPATIAL is NOT a science. SPATIAL is not an industry. SPATIAL is an “adjective” relating to space.

36. “Military mapping of the face of the earth is a peace time job. It can be likened to a fellow in Arkansas.
When it was raining, he couldn't fix the leak in his roof; when it wasn't raining, there was no need to fix
it.
That is about where military mapping stood in 1941 when we suddenly found ourselves at war. During
the previous peace time years, there was no immediate need for us, in cooperation with other nations,
to map the Solomon Islands, Truk, Okinawa, Tarawa, New Guinea, the Dutch East Indies, Borneo,
French Indo China, China, Philippines, Manchuria, or Japan. There was no project set up in the War
Department to do any such mapping in such far off corners of the globe.
It wasn't raining then-we didn't need the maps. But all of a sudden in 1941, it started to rain. Unlike the
fellow in Arkansas, we couldn't say - while it is raining we cannot fix the roof - we had to produce the
maps while the war was going on, maps which could have been much more easily obtained during
peace time. Gentlemen, you can't effectively do precise aerial mapping under wartime conditions. You
can't for two reasons: (1) a pilot cannot (and live through it), hold a precise flight line at a precise
altitude for "more than a short time while being fired upon by anti-aircraft and dived on by a bunch of
Zeros; (2) there usually isn't time to prepare the maps to meet a D-day deadline. Military mapping of
the earth is a peacetime job.
The war in the South and Southwest Pacific was fought largely over unmapped regions. I say
unmapped in the sense there were no maps at all, or no up-to-date maps. Maps that existed were
based on unreliable data. It is true, certain foreign countries had maps of their territory, and our Army
Map Service and Aeronautical Chart Service had produced maps and charts of these regions but they
were based upon old unreliable data. They were not the maps required by modern warfare. We did try
to produce new maps of these regions in the South Pacific and the Southwest Pacific areas while the
war was going on, but I for one, am not proud of them in spite of the numerous difficulties
encountered and overcome in producing them”.
US Colonel Geo. W. Hansen, Deputy Chief, Photographic Laboratory published an article titled “Mapping in
the Southwest Pacific” in Photogrammetric Engineering, Volume XII (December 1946).
Closing comment – A Fellow in Arkansas

37. I acknowledge and thank the convenor of
HYDROSPATIAL21, the Australasian
Hydrographic Society, for its support and
approval to share this presentation.