2. Morphology
• Most of fungi are multicellular with hyphae divided into cells by cross-
walls, or septa (singular septum). The septa generally have pores large
enough to allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and even nuclei to flow
from cell to cell. Except for yeast, which is unicellular, the bodies of
fungi are constructed of tiny filaments called hyphae (singular hypha).
Sporagium konidia
nucleus
hypha
sterigma
4. FUNGI
• 1. Mention the characteristics of fungi below ;
a. the characteristics of the body :
- size and shape :
shape : variety unicellular and multicellular
size : microscopic and macroscopic
- structure and function of part of the body …………….
Hypha or mycelium : absorb nutrients from a host and
substrate
» Basidium = ascus = konidia = sporangium : produce spores
» Sporangium = Sporangiospora ; konidia= konidiospora ;
ascus=ascospora ;basidium=basidiospora : spora yang
dihasilkan , as asexual reproduction (sbg alat reproduksi
asexual dan sexual)
» Basidiocarp=ascocarp : tubuh buah = fruit body: form of the
body of fungi
» Sterigma = sporangiosfor : stick (tangkai) of sporangium/
konidia, support (menyokong) of sporangium/ konidia
5. Function of part of body
• Hypha : absorb nutrients from a host and substrate
• Long hypha that form network is called : mycelium
• Basidium=ascus = sporangium : produce spores
• Spora = Sporangiospora ; konidia= konidiospora ; ascospora
;basidiospora : spora yang dihasilkan , as asexual reproduction (sbg
alat reproduksi asexual)
• Basidiocarp=ascocarp : tubuh buah = fruit body
• Sterigma = sporangiosfor : stick (tangkai) of sporangium/ konidia,
support (menyokong) of sporangium/ konidia
Mycelium dikariotik
Aseptic hypha
6. b. Manner ( Cara hidup) of fungi
• None of fungi contain chlorophyll, so all fungi are
heterotrophic
• Fungi are heterothrophs that acquire their nutrients
by absorption . In this mode of nutrition, small
organic molecules are absorbed from the
surrounding medium. A fungus digests food outside
its body by secreting powerful hydrolytic enzymes
into the food. These exoenzymes, as they are called,
decompose complex molecules to the simpler
compounds that the fungus can absorb and use.
• Fungi as aerobic obligate organism, except yeast as
facultative obligate
7. • The ecological roles of fungi as decomposer
(saprobes), parasites, or mutualistic symbions.
• Saprobic fungi absorb nutrients from nonliving
organic material, such as fallen logs, animal
corpses, or the wastes of live organisms. In the
process of this saprobic nutrition, fungi decompose
the organic material.
• Parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from the cell of
living hosts. Some of these fungi, such as species
infecting the lungs of humans, are pathogenic.
Pathogenic fungi cause about 80% of plant diseases.
• Mutualistic fungi also absorb nutrients from a host
organism, but they reciprocate with function
beneficial to their partners in some way, such as
aiding a plant in the uptake of minerals from the soil.
8. c. Habits :
- substrate that contain organic compound
- terrestrial humid place
d. General reproduction : ………..
General reproduction of fungi by asexual and
sexual.
Asexual reproduction by fragmentation of hypha
or make spore. Unicellular fungi by budding form.
Sexual reproduction by conjugation of hypha/
mycelia
The tipe of the reproduction make life cycle.
The general life cycle is shown by the picture
below:
9.
10. Mean of the terms :
• Germination : tumbuh membentuk kecambah
• Plasmogamy : fussion of cytoplasm ( penggabungan
sitoplasma dari dua sel yang berbeda )
• Kariogamy : fission of nucleus ( penggabungan dua inti
sel dari sel yang berbeda )
• Haploid : cell that has not couple chromosom ( sel yang
dalam inti selnya memiliki kromosom yang tidak berpa
sangan)
• Diploid : cell that has couple chromosom ( sel yang
dalam inti selnya memiliki kromosom yang brpasangan)
• Dikaryotic : cell that has two nucleic ( sel yang memiliki
dua inti sel )
11. 3. Classification
• Fungi are usually classified in four
divisions:
• 1. Zygomycota (bread molds),
• 2. Ascomycota (yeasts and sac fungi),
and the
• 3. Basidiomycota (club fungi).
• Placement into a division is based on the
way in which the fungus reproduces
sexually.
12. Zygomycota (bread molds)
• These fungi are mostly terrestrial and live in soil or on
decaying plant and animal material.(Note : One group of
major importance forms micorrhizae, mutualistic
associations with the roots of plants.)
• Zygomycota hyphae are coenocytic, with septa found
only where reproductive cells are found.
• A common zygomycota is black bread mold, Rhizopus
stolonifer
• Conclusion answer no 4a: hypha of zygomycota is non
septa
15. • Conclusion : answer no 4 b.
• Zygomycota
• Asexual reproduction : by spora
• Sexual reproduction : by conjugation
between + hypha ( mycelium) and – hypha
(mycelium)
16. Examples and role of zygomycota
• Rhizophus oryzae and Rhizophus stolonifer , to
make “ tempe “. The benefit of enzyme that its
produce, is support melunakkan dan mengikat
kedele-kedele
• Mucor javanicus , make tape
• Mucor mucedo, decomposed animal waste
• Rhizopus nigricans, decomposed organism waste
17. Ascomycota (yeasts and sac fungi),
• Mycologists have described over 60.000 species of ascomycetes, or
sac fungi, from a variety marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats.
• They range in size and complexity from unicellular yeast to minute
leaf-spot fungi to elaborate cup fungi and morels. Multicellular fungi
consist of septum hypha
• Ascomycetes include some of the most devastating plant
pathogens. However, many are important saprobes, particularly of
plant materials.
• About half of ascomycetes species live with algae in the mutualistic
associations called lichens.
• Some ascomycetes form mycorrhizae with plants. Others live
between mesophyll cells in the leaves, apparently helping to protect
the plant tissues from insects by releasing toxic compounds. Figure
8.9 shows examples of Ascomycota.
• Conclusion answer no 4 a : Ascomycota have septum hypha
18. • Reproduction :
• - Vegetative : for unicellular fungi by
budding form and make spore or
fragmentation hypha for multicellular
fungi
• - Generatif : make ascus to produce
ascospora
• Contoh :
• a. Sacharomyces cerevisae ( ragi )
• b. Penicillium notatum
• c. Aspergilus sp
19. Examples and role of ascomycota
Spora collumela
sporangiospora
Saccharomyces Penicillium aspergillus
21. Saccharomyces cereviceae and S. ovale: doing
fermentation to make bread and alcoholic drinking
Saccharomyces ellipsoideus : doing fermentation to
make alcoholic drinking from grapes ( Wine )
Saccharomyces tuac : make “tuac”from nira
( membuat legen)
Saccharomyces sake: make “sake” in Japan
Penicillium notatum and P. chryzogenum : produce
antibiotic “ penicillin”
Penicillium camemberti and P. roqueforti: to added
cheese taste
Aspergillus oryzae: make “tape”
Aspergillus wentii : make “ketchup”
Neurospora sitophila : make “oncom”
Claviceps purpurea : medicines material
22. Disadvantaged Ascomycota fungi
Aspergillus flavus : produce aflatoxin
Aspergillus fumigatus : parasite on bird lung
Aspergillus nidulans : cause “ automycosis” disease
Laboulbenia : parasite on insect
Rosellina arcuata : macroscopic Ascomycota, life in
plant root
Saccharomyces cereviceae and S. ovale: doing
fermentation to make bread and alcoholic drinking
Saccharomyces cereviceae and S. ovale: doing
fermentation to make bread and alcoholic drinking
25. Basidiomycota
• Approximately 25.000 fungi, including
mushroom, shelf fungi, and rust, are
classified in the phylum Basidiomycota.
Species in this phylum produce spores on
a club-like structure called the basidium.
• The basidium may grow free or be
attached to a surface called the
hymenium. Basidium constructed by
septum hypha
26. • Basidimycota are important decomposers of
wood and other plant material.
• The phylum also includes micorrhiza-forming
mutualists and plant parasites.
• Of all fungi, the saprobic basidiomycota are best
at decomposing the complex polymer lignin, an
abundant component of wood.
• Many shelf fungi break down the wood of weak
or damage trees and continue to decompose the
wood after the tree die.
• Two groups of basidimycota, the rusts and
smuts, include particularly destructive plant
parasites.
27. Reproduction and life cycle
• The life cycle of club fungus usually includes a long-lived dikaryotic
mycelium. Periodically, in response to environmental stimuli, this
mycelium reproduces sexually by producing elaborate fruiting
bodies called basidiocarps.
• The numerous basidia of a basidiocarp are the sources of sexual
spores. Asexual reproduction in basidiomycota is much common
than in ascomycota.
• A mushroom is an example of basidiocarp. The cap of mushroom
supports and protects a large surface area of basidia on gills; each
common store-bought mushroom has a gill surface area about 200
cm2. Such a mushroom may release a billion basidiospores, which
drop beneath the cap and are blown away.
• The Figure below shows the life cycle of Basidiomycota.
28.
29. Examples and role of
Basidiomycota
Ganoderma:
Shitake : as food Amanita sp.,
as medicine
material produce toxin
material
33. Lichenes
• Lichens are among the most fascinating
organisms on this planet. Their very structure is
unique: a symbioses of two organisms -- a
fungus and algae -- so complete that they so
complete that they behave and look like an
entirely new being. A lichen can literally eat
stones, survive severe cold, and remain dormant
for long periods without harm.
• Generally algae that can symbiosis are
Chlorophyta and Cyanobacteria
• Fungus that can symbiosis are Ascomycota and
Basidiomycota
34. • If the other fungi are nature's recyclers,
lichens are nature's pioneers. Lichens find
their homes in some of the most barren
and inhospitable parts of the world. From
there they slowly begin the process of
creating a foundation for habitation by
others.
• Lichens can be divided into three basic
forms: crustose, or crust-like; foliose or
leaf-like; and fruticose or stalked.
35. Crustose lichens are flaky or crust-like. They can be found
covering rocks, soil, bark, etc. -- often forming brilliantly
colored streaks .
36. Foliose (leaf-like) lichens can be papery thin or, in more advanced forms,
netted branch-like. Branched foliose lichens have a distinct top and bottom
surface, thus differentiating them from most fruticose lichens. This can be
seen clearly in the Pseudocyphellaria anthraspis photo, above left; the
Hypogymnia imshaugii on the right has a puffed body with a black
undersurface.
The dainty buttons on the Pseudocyphellaria Lichen are quite showy. If
you look carefully of the Hypogymnia you will see that it too is fruiting with
less conspicuous green funnel-shaped mushrooms .
37. Fruticose Lichens
Fruticose lichens are the most highly developed lichens. Their
branches are much closer in form to "true" branches although,
unlike most plants, the lichen branch has no specialized vascular
system for transporting fluids.
The British Soldier Lichen (Cladonia macilenta), left, is one of the
showiest fruiting lichens: even though the mushrooms are quite
tiny, their bright color and distinctive form makes them stand out in
their forest habitat.
Old Man's Beard (Usnea spp., right and below) is a common green-
grey lichen seen hanging from trees. A beginner may call all such
lichens "Old Man's Beard" but, in fact, several look-alikes do exists
(see below).
38. The fruiting Old Man's Beard (Usnea arizonica) above, is another typical
Usnea with a hairy appearance. If you look carefully at the lower right portion of
the photo you will notice the wiry white inner pith of a broken branch. This is an
identifying characteristic of all Usnea species the inner cord becomes exposed
when you grasp the ends of a branch and pull apart until it breaks.
39. Two similar-looking lichens are the yellow-orange Wolf Moss lichen
(Letharia vulpina, left) -- named, oddly, because it was used to
Poison wolves -- and its bright green cousin Letharia columbiana
(right) which graces the trees and floor of Montane
conifer forests here in Northern California.
40. Mycorrhizae are a symbiotic relationship
between fungi and plants.
• Most plants rely on a symbiotic fungus to aid them in
acquiring water and nutrients from the soil. The
specialized roots which the plants grow and the fungus
which inhabits them are together known as
mycorrhizae, or "fungal roots".
• The fungus, with its large surface area, is able to soak
up water and nutrients over a large area and provide
them to the plant. In return, the plant provides energy-
rich sugars manufactured through photosynthesis.
Examples of mycorrhizal fungi include truffles and
Auricularia, the mushroom which flavors sweet-and-sour
soup.
41. • In some cases, such as the vanilla orchid
and many other orchids, the young plant
cannot establish itself at all without the aid
of its fungal partner. In liverworts, mosses,
lycophytes, ferns, conifers, and flowering
plants, fungi form a symbiotic relationship
with the plant. Because mycorrhizal
associations are found in so many plants,
it is thought that they may have been an
essential element in the transition of plants
onto the land.
42. Kind of mycorrhizae
• Endomycorrhizae , if the hypha of fungi
enter the plant tissue such as cortex or
floem
• Ectomycorrhizae , if the hypha of fungi in
surface of plant only.
