tugas biologinya bu henri hehe :p

1. Anaerobic respiration Respiration without oxygen

3. 2 different types of “Respiration”make up all of Cellular Respiration

4. What happens if there is no available electron acceptor? Glucose 2 ADP 2 NAD+ glycolysis 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyruvate Aerobic respiration: The NADH then passes its high energy e- to the electron transport chain (becoming NAD+ again) and eventually to O2 Anaerobic respiration: Without O2, NADH has nowhere to donate its e- to, NAD+ cannot be regenerated, and glycolysis stops

5. Anaerobic respiration With no oxygen oxidative phosphorylation and Krebs cycle cannot take place. (Cells without mitochondria cannot respire aerobically – e.g. red blood cells) In anaerobic respiration glycolysis takes place as usual yielding pyruvate and a small amount of ATP. If pyruvate levels were allowed to build up it stop glycolysis and inhibit ATP production, also the reduced NAD produced must be oxidised back or else the cell would run out of it – again stopping ATP production.

6. Process of Cellular Respiration

7. Anaerobic respiration All living organisms break down sugars to get energy. In humans this breakdown usually occurs with oxygen.

8. 25 energy C6H12O62C2H5OH + 2CO2 glucose alcohol Anaerobic respiration can be represented by the equation The energy released by anaerobic respiration is considerably less than the energy from aerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration takes place at some stage in the cells of most living organisms. For example, our own muscles resort to anaerobic respiration when oxygen is not delivered to them fast enough.

9. Micro-organisms 26 Anaerobic respiration is widely used by many micro-organisms such as bacteria and yeasts. Bacteria and yeasts are microscopic single-celled organisms. Bacteria are to be found everywhere, in or on organisms, in water, air and soil Yeasts are usually found in close association with vegetable matter such as fruit

10. 1. In Muscle Cells - During extraneous activities, the oxygen in the muscle tissue is decreased to an extent that aerobic respiration does not occur at a sufficient rate. Hence, there is a buildup of lactic acid and your muscles get tired 2. In Yeast - The fermentation end product is ethyl alcohol, and CO2

11. Anaerobic respiration glucose Producing ethanol from pyruvate regenerates oxidised NAD and allows glycolysis to continue triosephosphate oxidised NAD reduced NAD pyruvate reduced oxidised NAD NAD ethanal ethanol alcohol dehydrogenase

12. Anaerobic respiration glucose Producing lactate from pyruvate regenerates oxidised NAD and allows glycolysis to continue triosephosphate oxidised NAD reduced NAD pyruvate reduced oxidised NAD NAD lactate lactate dehydrogenase

13. Anaerobic respiration First CO2 is removed from pyruvate to produce ethanal. Alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanal to ethanol by adding hydrogen taken from reduced NAD. Process used by humans for many thousands of years to produced risen breads and alcohol for drinking.

14. Anaerobic Respiration refers to the oxidation of molecules in the absence of oxygen to produce energy It is also known As Fermentation

15. Anaerobic fermentation Fermentation: An alternative set of reactions that can follow glycolysis in the absence of oxygen as a final electron acceptor. Extremely inefficient: no Kreb’s cycle, no ETC. Glycolysis produces a net of 2 ATP’s per glucose molecule

16. FERMENTATION PATHWAYS ALLOWS CELLS TO REGENERATE NAD+ FOR GLYCOLSIS Fermentation by-product Intermediate accepts electrons from NADH 2 NAD+ 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate Glucose 2 ATP 2 ADP

17. 2 types of fermentation Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcohol Fermentation

18. 2 types of fermentation

19. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION OCCURS IN HUMANS Pyruvate accepts electrons from NADH 2 NAD+ 2 Lactate 2 NADH Glucose 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 Pyruvate

20. ALCOHOL FERMENTATION OCCURS IN YEAST 2 CO2 2 Acetylaldehyde 2 Ethanol 2 NAD+ 2 NADH Glucose 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 Pyruvate