The seminar discuss about the main features, and advantages of cyborg, its uses and all other factors. in the slides the seminar also discuss about the history of cyborg, comparison b/w robots and cyborgs, real life cyborgs and all.

1. BY
SANJAY P.R
Reg. No:12120098
No:99
CS S7 B

2. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 History of cyborgs
 Types of cyborgs
 Robots and cyborgs
 Applications-Some cyborg technologies
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Real life Cyborgs
 Reference
 Conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION
 Cyborg is a compound word derived from cybernetics
and organism.
 It is a term coined by Manfred Cylnes in 1960 to
describe the need for mankind to artificially enhance
biological functions.
 A Cyborg referred to a human being with bodily
functions aided or controlled by technological devices.
 A cyborg is a being with biological and artificial
parts, a living being whose powers are enhanced by
computer implants.

4. HISTORY OF CYBORGS
 The term “cyborg” was first coined by NASA scientists,
Nathan Kline and Manfred Clynes in 1960.
 They discussed the potential advantages of a
machine/human hybrid that could operate in outer space.
 Cyborgs are often depicted as “half-man half-machine”
beings with robotic or bionic implants.
 In 2010, the Cyborg Foundation became the world’s first
international organization dedicated to help humans
become cyborgs.

5. Types of Cyborgs
Cyborgs
Convenient Cyborgs
Convenient cyborgs may refer to
any external provision of an
exoskeleton for satisfying the
altered fancy needs of the body.
Conditional Cyborg
Conditional cyborgs includes
bionic implants replanting the
lost or damaged body for the
normal living in the present
environment.

6. Cyborg Robot
 Cyborgs are a combination of a
living organism and a machine.
It doesn’t necessarily have to be
human; it can be a dog, a bird, or
any other living thing.
 A cyborg is a combination of an
organism with a machine.Its a
part of living beings.
 Cyborgs are typically very
complex.
 A robot is basically a machine
that is very advanced . It is
often automated and requires
very little interaction with
humans.
 A robot is an automated
machine.Its not alive.
 Robots can be simple or very
complex.

7. medicine Art Military
Application of cyborg
technology
MARINE
DEAF STUDIES
POPULAR CULTURE

8. Medicines
There are 2 types of cyborgs-
1. Restorative-restore lost
functions, organs & limbs.
2. Enhanced-follows a
principle of optimal
performance.

9. Cochlear Implant I-Limb

10. BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE
A brain–computer interface (BCI), sometimes called
a direct neural interface or a brain–machine
interface, is a direct communication pathway
between a brain and an external device.
Computer-brain interfaces are designed to restore
sensory function, transmit sensory information to
the brain, or stimulate the brain through artificially
generated electrical signals.

11. BCI APPROACHES

12. INVASIVE INTERFACE
 An invasive approach requires physical implants of
electrodes in humans or animals, making it possible to
measure single neurons or very local field potentials.
 Invasive BCIs are implanted directly into the grey matter of
the brain during neurosurgery.
 As they rest in the grey matter, invasive devices produce
the highest quality signals of BCI devices but are prone to
scar- tissue build-up, causing the signal to become weaker
or even lost as the body reacts to a foreign object in the
brain.
Jens Naumann, a man with
acquired blindness, being
interviewed about his vision

13. SEMI INVASIVE
 BCI devices that are implanted inside the skull.
 Electrocorticography (ECoG) measures the
electrical activity of the brain taken from
beneath the skull in a similar way to non-invasive
electroencephalography but the electrodes are
embedded in a thin plastic pad that is placed above
the cortex, beneath the Dura mater.
Cathy Hutchinson, who was one of
the first persons to have a direct
connection between her brain and a
computer implanted

14. NON INVASIVE
 A non-invasive approach makes use of, for instance,
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and EEG technology
to make measurements. Both gives different perspectives
and enables us to look inside the brain and to observe
what happens.
 Electroencephalography In conventional scalp EEG, the
recording is obtained by placing electrodes on the scalp
with a conductive gel or paste, usually after preparing the
scalp area by light abrasion to reduce impedance due to
dead skin cells. Many systems typically use electrodes,
each of which is attached to an individual wire.

15.  fMRI = Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI
exploits the changes in the magnetic properties of
hemoglobin as it carries oxygen. Activation of a part of the
brain increases oxygen levels there increasing the ratio of
ox hemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin.

16.  The main principle behind these interface is the bio-electrical
activity of nerves and muscles.
 Our brain is composed of millions of neurons.
 Every time we think, move, feel or remember something,
our neurons are at work.
 When the neuron fires or activates there is a voltage
change across cell which generate signals on the brain .By
monitoring and analyzing these signals we can understand
the working of the brain.

17. Principle Behind BCI
 This technology is based on to sense, transmit, analyze
and apply the language of neurons.
 It consist of a sensor that is implanted in the motor
cortex of the
brain and a device that analyses brain signals. The
signals generated by brain are interpreted and
translated to computer commands.

18. How BCI Works?
 The BCI technology is comprised of two main components; a
signal acquisition system, a signal processing system.
 SIGNALACQUISITION SYSTEM
 In the signal acquisition system the electrical activity of the
brain is recorded using invasive/non-invasive techniques.
 These phase also consist of an amplifier, which amplifies the
obtained signal.

20. SIGNAL ACQUISITION PHASE

21. There are 5 major types of EEG waves
1. DeltaWaves
2. ThetaWaves
3. AlphaWaves
4. BetaWaves
5. Gamma Waves

23.  It consist of a pattern recognition system, and a device control
system.
 The signal processing system includes the algorithms for the
linear prediction of the signal.
 Processed signal is associated to a given class.
 Association is done by feeding a neural network with preprocessed
data.
SIGNAL PROCESSING PHASE

24. SIGNAL PROCESSING PHASE
 Neural net output is further processed and final output
corresponds to a given class.
 Neural net should be trained in order to learn the association.
 Interfaces have been developed to control different devices .

25. A SIMPLE BCI APPLICATION

26.  A more difficult task is interpreting the brain signals for
movement in someone who can't physically move his own arm.
With a task like that, the subject must "train" to use the device.
 With an implant in place, the subject should visualize closing his
or her disabled hand. After many trials, the software can learn to
recognize the signals associated with the thought of hand-closing.
 when the subject thinks about closing the hand, the signals are
sent .
 Software connected to a robotic hand is programmed to receive
the "close hand" signal and interpret it to mean that the robotic
hand should close.

27. Military
Development of “Cyborg soldier”
a soldier whose weapons as well as the
survival systems are integrated into the
self, creating a human-machine
interface.
Developing “cyborg insects”.
to transmit data from sensors implanted
into the insect during it’s pupal stage
for detecting explosives…etc
Powered Exoskeleton.
which combines a human control
system with robotic muscle.

28. CYBORGS IN
POPULAR CULTURE
Cyborgs have become a well-known
part of science, fiction literature and
other media.
Examples of fictions based on
cyborgs include Iron Man, Robo Cop
etc.

29.  IN SPORTS
The prosthetic leg and feet allows the runners to adjust the
length of their stride which could potentially improve run times and
in time actually allow a runner with prosthetic leg to be fastest in the
world.
South Africa’s Oscar Pistorius is a famous blade runner.
 IN ART
The concept of cyborgation to associate people with science
fiction, they tend to believe cyborgs exist only in imaginations of
writers and artists. Cyborgs get famed through mainly science
fiction films and through stories of writers.

30. CYBORGIZATION IN CRITICAL
DEAF STUDIES
“Cyborgization" is an attempt to codify "normalization“.
Hearing aids are widely used and can help assist
individuals that are hard of hearing.

31. Advantages
 Enables to lead a normal life.
 Long life of the mechanical parts.
 Possibly longer life span.
 Increased Strength
Assuming that it is possible to replace or
enhance the human endoskeleton with metal and
pneumatic/hydraulic pumps, the strength of a cyborg
could be drastically increased above a normal
human. A metal skeleton would even possibly allow
you to even take hits a normal human couldn't
survive (e.g. A sledgehammer to the chest, or a
gunshot to the head)

32.  Increased Intelligence/ Computational Power/ Perception
A possibility of a cyborg can be to add microchips to the brain,
which would allow your brain to offload commands such as
doing calculations to the chip, which could do the calculations
instantaneously and return the answers to the brain. Perception
could be increased by assisting parts of the brain that deal with
awareness.
 Added Functionality
A cyborg does not have the limits of a standard human. For
example due to increased weight, they could replace or add
appendages such as a building a gun inside the arm, that can
extend out and shoot, with there being less recoil thanks to
weight and strength.

33. Disadvantages
 Possible loss of humanity.
 Pain during operation .
 Likely to Die in the Creation Procedures.
 Cyborgs are very expensive.
 Requires maintenance.
 Feeling ‘different’ to everyone else.
 The risk of rejection/infection.

34. Real life Cyborgs
 In 2002, Canadian Jens Naumann, also blinded in adulthood,
became the first in a series of 16 paying patients to receive
Dobelle’s second generation implant, marking one of the
earliest commercial uses of BCIs. The second generation
device used a more sophisticated implant enabling better
mapping of phosphenes into coherent vision. Phosphenes are
spread out across the visual field in what researchers call the
starry-night effect. Immediately after his implant, Jens was
able to use his imperfectly restored vision to drive slowly
around the parking area of the research institute.
Jens Naumann being interviewed for
his vision BCI on CBN The Early
Show.

35.  In 2004, under the heading Bridging the
Island of the Colorblind Project, a British and
completely color-blind artist, Neil Harbisson,
started wearing an eyeborg on his head in
order to hear colors. His prosthetic device was
included within his 2004 passport photograph
which has been claimed to confirm his cyborg
status. In 2012 at TEDGlobal, Harbisson
explained that he didn't feel like a cyborg
when he started to use the eyeborg, he started
to feel like a cyborg when he noticed that the
software and his brain had united and given
him an extra sense.
Neil Harbisson is sometimes clamied to
be a cyborg.

36.  Kevin warwick is professor of cybernetics at the university
of reading.
 The world’s leading expert in cybernetics.
 In 2002, under the heading Project Cyborg, a British scientist,
Kevin Warwick, had an array of 100 electrodes fired in to his
nervous system in order to link his nervous system into the
Internet to control a robotic hand ,a loudspeaker and amplifier.
 This is a form of extended sensory input and the first direct
electronic communication between the nervous systems of two
humans.

37. Kevin Warwick

38. CONCLUSION
 It seems that in future we may have more and more artificial
body parts like eyes,nose,hands and legs.
 It act as a boom to human body by improving the quality and the
life .
 The ethics and desirability of "enhancement prosthetics" have
been debated; their proponents include the trans-humanist
movement, with its belief that new technologies can assist the
human race in developing beyond its present, normative
limitations such as aging and disease, as well as other, more
general incapacities, such as limitations on speed, strength,
endurance, and intelligence.
 But it also acts as a curse.

39. REFERENCE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg.
Manfred E. Clynes and Nathan S. Kline-
“Cyborgs and Space in Astronautics”.
Donna Haraway –”A Cyborg Manifesto:
Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in
the Late Twentieth Century”.
 Judy, Jack. -"Hybrid Insect MEMS (HI-MEMS)".

44. Initialize the weights in the network
while stopping criterion has reached do
for all example e 2 training set do
O = actual, output(network, e); propagate forward
T = wanted output for e
Calculate error (T - O) at each neuron in the output layer
Compute Mean Squared Error value; propagate backward
Compute deltaweightupdate for all weights
Update all the weights in the network such that the sum-squared value of
error is minimized.
end for
end while
The Mean Squared Error (MSE) value is calculated using equation 4.3. This value
reflects the effectiveness of the training done so far. The stopping criterion could
either be when the MSE has reached an acceptable limit, or when the number of
training cycles is attained.
0ˆ= E[(ˆ0) (X) -0 )^2]//0-theta ^2-square