seminar on transportation injuries

2. • Injuries to pedestrians
• Injuries to occupants of vehicle
• Injuries through cyclist and motorcyclist
• Investigations of automobile accidents
• Aircraft injuries
• Railway injuries

4. INJURIES TO PEDESTRIANS

5. What influences the severity of a
injuries sustained by a pedestrian?
• Type of vehicle.
• Shape and stiffness of
the vehicle front.
• Age and height of the
pedestrian.
• Standing position of
the pedestrian relative
to the vehicle front.

6. 1. Impact injuries
 Primary impact
 Secondary impact
2. Secondary injuries
3. Tertiary injuries
 Run over injuries
 Drag injuries

7. The injuries depend upon the part of the body
involved in relation to the vehicle when struck.
Also depend on the height of various parts of
vehicle like bumper, door handles, etc.

8.  Imprint abrasions
 Lacerations
 Fractures
 Contusions

9. furthur injuries caused
by vehicle
 Small cut injuries due
to shattered
windscreen glass
 Skull fracture
 Rib fracture
 Lacerations
 contusions

10. • As a result of victim falling on the ground after the
Primary or Secondary impact.
 Depends on,
• Force of the fall.
• Nature of the object struck.

11.  Injuries
• Grazed abrasions
• Contusions
• Lacerations
• Fractures
• Contre-coup
injuries to the brain
• Internal injuries

13. Run over injuries
A wheel passes over the body.
• Clothes - Tire marks, grease,
oil
• Skin - Tire marks
- Flattening of affected
area
• Multiple fractures.
• Internal injuries

14.  Victim gets
entangled and
dragged along
the road
 Grazed
abrasions with
mud and dirt
from road.

15. • Injuries to Driver
• Injuries to Front seat passenger
• Injuries to Rear seat passengers
Depending on the circumstances of the
accidents , the occupants are burned
asphyxiated or drowned while trapped in
interior of the car.

16.  Head and face hit the windscreen glass,
frame or side pillars - Blunt and sharp injuries.
 Neck - Whip lash injuries- Due to hyper flexion
and hyper extension causing atlanto-occipital
dislocation.
 Chest & abdomen strike the steering wheel
 Fracture of distal femur & patella striking the
dashboard
 facial lacerations & fracture of nose & maxilla

18. • Abrasions & lacerations on shins & knees.
• Twisting of the foot on the ankle and causing
fracture dislocations.
• Thrown out - more common mostly without
seat belts.
• Side injuries – on striking the doors.

19.  Injury to face and head due to impact on
front seats.
 Dislocation of hip if sitting legs crossed
 Thrown between seats and ejected to the
windscreen.

20. • Acute flexion over a
lap strap can cause
abrasions , contusion
& hematoma of lower
abdomen & chest
wall.

21. • It restrains the body
against severe
deceleration.
• The strap stretches
appreciably during
severe deceleration.
• The belt prevent
ejection into the road.

22. • It helps to cushion the
impact and prevent
forceful contact and
hyper flexion.
• Protect chest from
impact on steering
wheels.
• Spine dislocations and
basal skull fractures
can also be prevented.

23. • Rider & Pillion rider
• Injuries due to-
 Fall on ground
 Projection
forwards
 Side impacts

24. Injuries to
• Head ,chest and abdomen
• Upper limb injuries causing contusions ,
lacerations , abrasions.
• Fracture femur, tibia, fibula
• Pelvis injuries
• Ankle injuries

25. • It reduces the friction of head
against & makes deceleration
less drastic by allowing
protected head to skid across
the ground.
• Sometimes chin strap of helmet
may be drawn upwards causing
strangulation.
• Cortical contusions and
lacerations are common.

26. • These mainly occurs in helmetless riders.
• Mainly causing fracture of the skull and
dislocation of atlanto-occipital joint from
secondary impact from ground.
• Tail gating or under running- ocuurs when motor
cyclists drive into back of large vehicle eg. truck

27. 1. Study of accident scene
2. Mechanical & engineering examination of
involved vehicle
3. Complete autopsy of all dead victims
4. Physical & psychiatric examination of
surviving drivers
5. Personal and social history of surviving
persons

28. • Main objectives of autopsy
are-
1. To find cause & manner of
death
2. To identify the driver &
reconstruct the position of
victim prior to accident
3. To differentiate the injuries
& identify the automobile in
case of hit-and-run case.

29. • Crash accidents at the time of landing & take
off causing fracture of the spine, facial injuries
• Fracture of the lower legs.

30. Death may be due to burning & CO
poisoning
If a door or window breaks, pressure
cabin falls & anoxia may produce
death.

31. Accidental-
1)Person walking
on the track
2)Person walking
at side of line

32. 1)Person falls
from a train
2)Person trying
to board a fast
train