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Fm6e chapter03
1.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Farm Management Chapter 3 Acquiring and Organizing Management Resources
2.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Chapter Outline • Purpose and Use of Records • Farm Business Activities • Basic Accounting Terms • Options in Choosing an Accounting System • Basics of Cash Accounting • Basics of Accrual Accounting • A Cash Versus Accrual Example • Farm Financial Standards Council Recommendations • Chart of Accounts • Output from an Accounting System
3.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Chapter Objectives 1. Appreciate the value of establishing a good accounting system 2. Discuss some choices for the accounting system 3. Outline the concepts of cash accounting 4. Present concepts of accrual accounting 5. Review some recommendations of the Farm Financial Standards Council 6. Introduce some financial records
4.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Purpose and Use of Records 1. Measure profit and assess financial condition 2. Provide data for business analysis 3. Assist in obtaining loans 4. Measure the profitability of individual enterprises 5. Assist in the analysis of new investments 6. Prepare income tax returns
5.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Measure Profit and Assess Financial Condition These are among the most important reasons for keeping records. Profit is estimated by developing an income statement, the topic of chapter 6. The financial condition is shown on the balance sheet, the topic of chapter 5.
6.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Provide Data for Business Analysis Use the information from the balance sheet and income statement to perform an in-depth analysis. Analysis of past decisions is useful for making current and future decisions.
7.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Assist in Obtaining Loans Lenders require financial information about the farm business to assist them in their lending decisions. Following the farm financial difficulties during the 1980s, many agricultural lenders are requiring more and better records. Good records increase the odds of getting a loan.
8.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Prepare Income Tax Returns Internal Revenue Service (IRS) regulations require keeping records for tax purposes. Tax records are often inadequate for management purposes. Sound record-keeping can also help reduce income tax obligations.
9.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Farm Business Activities • Production Activities • Investment Activities • Financing Activities
10.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Figure 3-1 Farm business activities to be included in an accounting system
11.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Production Activities These accounting transactions involve activities related to the production of crops and livestock. Revenue from product sales or other farm revenue is included here, as are production expenses.
12.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Investment Activities These activities relate to the purchase, depreciation, and sale of long-lived assets, such as land, equipment, or breeding livestock. Records should include purchase date and price, annual depreciation, book value, current market value, sale date and price, and gain or loss when sold.
13.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Financing Activities These transactions relate to borrowing money, and paying the interest and principal on loans. Financing activities include money borrowed to finance new investments and money borrowed to finance production activities.
14.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Basic Accounting Terms • Account payable • Account receivable • Accrued expense • Asset • Credit • Debt • Expense • Inventory • Liability • Net Farm Income • Owner Equity • Prepaid Expense • Profit • Revenue
15.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Account Payable An expense that has been incurred but not yet paid. Typical accounts payable are for items charged at farm supply stores where the purchaser is given 30 to 90 days to pay the amount due.
16.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Account Receivable Revenue for a product that has been sold or a service provided but for which no payment has yet been received. An example would be custom work for a neighbor who has agreed to make payment at a future time.
17.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Accrued Expense An expense that accrues or accumulates daily but which has not yet been paid. Examples are interest on loans and property taxes.
18.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Asset An item of value, tangible or financial. Examples would include machinery, land, bank accounts, buildings, grain, and livestock.
19.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Credit An accounting entry in the right-hand side of a double-entry ledger. A credit entry records a decrease in the value of an asset. It records an increase in liability, owner equity, or an income account.
20.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Debit An accounting entry in the left-hand side of a double-entry ledger. A debit entry records an increase in an asset or expense account. It records a decrease in liability or owner equity.
21.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Expense A cost or expenditure incurred in the production of revenue.
22.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Inventory The physical quantity and financial value of products produced for sale that have not yet been sold.
23.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Liability A debt or other financial obligation that must be paid at some point in the future.
24.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Net Farm Income Revenue minus expenses. The same as profit.
25.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Owner Equity The difference between business assets and business liabilities. It represents the net value of the business to the owner(s) of the business.
26.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Prepaid Expense A payment made for a product or service in an accounting period before the one in which it will be used to produce revenue.
27.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Profit Revenue minus expenses. The same as net farm income.
28.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Revenue The value of products and services produced by a business during an accounting period. Revenue may be either cash or noncash.
29.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Options in Choosing an Accounting System • What accounting period should be used? • Should it be cash or accrual? • Should it be single or double entry? • Should it be basic or complete?
30.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Accounting Period A period of time used to summarize revenue and expenses and estimate profit. It can be either a calendar year or a fiscal year. It is generally recommended that a firm’s accounting period follow the production cycle of the major enterprises.
31.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Single vs. Double Entry With single-entry, only one entry is made for each transaction. A double-entry system records changes in values of assets and liabilities as well as revenue and expenses. In double-entry, there are equal and off-setting entries for every transaction. Double-entry accounting requires more effort, but it is also more accurate.
32.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Basic vs. Complete The most basic accounting system is one that is very simple and uses cash accounting. A complete system would be computerized with capabilities for both cash and accrual accounting,and with the ability to track inventories, loans, and depreciation, and to handle payroll accounting and perform enterprise analysis. Between these extremes are many possibilities.
33.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 How Complete? • How much accounting knowledge does the user have? • How large and complex is the farm? • How much and what kind of information is needed or desired for management decision making?
34.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Basics of Cash Accounting • Revenue: recorded when and only when cash is received for sale of product or service • Expenses: recorded when they are paid, even if that is not when the item is bought or used to produce a product • Advantages: simple and easy-to-use • Disadvantages: recorded revenues and expenses may not be accurate reflections of activities during the accounting period
35.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Basics of Accrual Accounting • Revenue: recorded when the item is produced, regardless of when sold • Expenses: “matched” to revenue; recorded when used to produce • Advantage: accurate • Disadvantage: requires more time and knowledge than cash system
36.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 A Cash Versus Accrual Example • November 2009: Purchased, paid for and applied fertilizer for the 2010 grain crop. $8,000. • May 2010: Purchased and paid for seed, chemicals, fuel, etc. $25,000. • October 2010: Purchased and charged to account fuel for drying. $3,000. • November 2010: One half of grain sold for $50,000. The rest placed in storage and valued at $50,000. • January 2011: Paid bill for fuel used to dry grain. $3,000. • May 2011: Remaining 2010 grain sold. $60,000.
37.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 2010 Profit Cash grain sales 50,000 50,000 Grain inventory increase N/A 50,000 Total Revenue $50,000 $100,000 Fertilizer 0 8,000 Seed, chemicals, fuel 25,000 25,000 Drying fuel 0 3,000 Total Expenses 25,000 36,000 Net Farm Profit $25,000 $64,000 Cash Accounting Accrual Accounting
38.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Farm Financial Standards Council Recommendations • Accrual-based system recommended, but cash system accepted, with end-of-year adjustments • A full discussion of the adjustments will be provided in chapter 6
39.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Chart of Accounts • Lists and organizes all accounts used by the accounting system • Includes broad categories and sub- accounts • Each account assigned a number • Can coordinate account names to match Schedule F for tax purposes
40.
© Mcgraw-Hill Companies,
2008 Table 3-1 Example Chart of Accounts Account Description Type 1010 Cash on Hand Cash 1020 Checking Account Cash 1100 Accounts Receivable Accounts Receivable 1200 Inventory-Crops Inventory 1205 Inventory-Livestock Inventory 1400 Prepaid Expense Other Current Assets 1470 Other Current Assets Other Current Assets 1500 Equipment Fixed Assets 1510 Building Fixed Assets 1690 Land Fixed Assets 1710 Accumulated Depreciation Accumulated Depreciation 2000 Accounts Payable Accounts Payable 2420 Current Portion Long-Term Debt Other Current Liabilities 2480 Other Current Liabilities Other Current Liabilities 2600 Non-current Liabilities -- Land Non-current Liabilities 2740 Other Non-current Liabilities Non-current Liabilities 4020 Sales Crops Income 4080 Sales Livestock Income 4100 Government Payments Income 4200 Other Income Income 5000 Gain/Loss on Sale of Assets Income 6400 Crop Expense Expenses 6600 Depreciation Expense Expenses 6750 Feed and Grain Expense Expenses 6760 Repairs Expenses 7010 Property Taxes Expenses 7050 Insurance Expense Expenses 7100 Interest Expense Expenses 8900 Other Expense Expenses
41.
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2008 Output from an Accounting System • Balance Sheet: report that shows the financial condition of the farm at a point in time • Income Statement: report of revenue and expenses over the accounting period • Other reports, depending on complexity of system
42.
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2008 Figure 3-2 Twelve possible reports from an accounting system
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2008 Summary This chapter discussed the importance, purpose, and use of records as a management tool. Records provide the information needed to measure how well a business is performing. They also provide information needed to make sound decisions in the future. Any accounting system must be able to handle production, investment, and financing activities. The output desired from the accounting system must be considered when choosing one.
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