2. What is waste?
• -Any material that is discarded and is
no longer useful or any remains at the
end of a process

3. Kinds of Wastes-
Solid wastes: domestic, commercial and industrial wastes
Examples: plastics, containers, bottles,
cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash
Liquid Wastes: wastes in liquid form
Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste
water from ponds, manufacturing industries
and other sources
3

4. Sources of Wastes
4

5. Sources of Wastes
Agriculture
Fisheries
5

6. • Sludge refers to the residual, semi-solid material left from
industrial wastewater, or sewage treatment processes.
• a hillock of waste matter from coal mining, etc: slag heap
• are the materials left over after the process of separating the valuable
fraction from the uneconomic fraction(tailing)
• A slurry is a thin sloppy mud or cement

7. Water - Impurities
Air - CO, CO2, SO2,
dust, etc.,
Land - Waste from Agriculture
, sewage, etc.,
Food - Adulterants
Disposed plastics

8. • The pneumonic plaque that broke out in
November 1994 in India is a typical
example of solid waste mismanagement.

9. Non-degradable or persistent in nature;
Biologically modified;
Highly toxic and even lethal at low
concentration;
Create danger to the living community,
immediately or over a period of time &
are hazardous

10. Domestic waste
Wastes Food wastes, paper, cardboard,
generated due plastics, textiles, leather
to domestic , wood, glass, metals, ashes, .
activities bottles ,cotton, rags or
any kitchen waste

11. Examples:
• Chemicals, paints , sand
These are waste from
paper or any industrial by-
various industries (small products
or large scale)
.Sulphur dioxide ,nitrogen dioxide
These waste are
emissions cause health
considered useless during
a manufacturing process hazards

12. Different industries and waste products
Source
Mining Waste generated Some mining process . Large
during mining & volumes of chemicals and
excavation liquids. Leaching of metals
operations. These are add metal content into rivers
toxic & hazardous ground water etc
cement
-- Produce coarse and Dust emitted is a health
fine particles hazard
Construction Waste generation Wood, steel, concrete, dirt,
and Demolition due to demolition of pipes, rubble, bricks etc.
buildings.
Oil refineries waste generated Sulphur compounds &hydro
from petrochemical carbons
plant & refineries
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13. • Extensive use of chemicals for
industrial and agricultural purposes .
• Detergents, Fertilizers, Toxic metals in
industrial waste and Soil based
technology are the main source.
• Cadmium, Mercury, Chromium, lead, Ars
enic and Barium are some of the toxic
pollutants

14. The three general types are
Municipal or urban wastes
Industrial wastes
Hazardous wastes

15. Municipal waste
Bio-degradable
can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)
Non-biodegradable
cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines,
cans, containers and others)
15

16. Field residue Process residue
• Materials left in an • Materials left after the
agricultural field after the crops are being
crops are harvested processed into some
useful products.
• Examples
• Wheat,barley stalks from • Examples
corn etc • Bagasse : left over after
the cane is crushed
, molasses, seeds

17. Bio medical waste

18. BIO-MEDICAL WASTE • treatment
• diagnosis ( process of
attempting to determine
or identify a possible
disease or disorder) or
• immunization( process
whereby a person is
made immune or
resistant to an infectious
disease, typically by the
administration of a
vaccine)

19. Bio-medical wastes include
• Needles , syringes
, pathological wastes ( blood
, body fluids ,body parts etc)
• Waste form surgery or autopsy
(An autopsy—also known as a
postmortem examination)
• Discarded medical instruments

20. Why great care should be taken while disposing bio-
medical waste?
• If the bio-medical wastes are not
properly managed and disposed
off, they can lead to further
spread of the diseases.
• The disease risk from these
wastes increases also the risks
of chemical pollution increases.

21. PRECAUTIONS:
•
• All the disposable items • Bio-medical Waste
other than waste must be kept in
sharps(device used to segregated storage in
puncture the skin), saline coloured plastic bags
bottles, I-V (intra venous) with mouths securely
fluid bottles(used for the tied and
infusion of liquid • transfer it to the
substances directly into central intermediate
a vein). etc. shall be storage room located
punctured before being in a convenient
sent for treatment. position of the health
• care unit.

23. • It is a waste generated by the nuclear energy
industry and include substances which are used
in cooling & storing nuclear fuels
• The radiations from radioactive substances –
prolonged exposure results in damage to the living
organisms and they contaminate air, water and
land.

25. Nuclear fuel process

26. Nuclear fuel
What is it? Radio active elements
• (Nuclear fuel is a material
that can be 'consumed' by
nuclear fission( nucleus of
an atom splits into smaller
parts) or fusion to
derive nuclear energy. The
most common
are uranium-235 (235U) Plutonium 239
and plutonium-239)

28. How is it harmful ?
• It is harmful as it percolates
down through the soil into
groundwater reservoirs or is
carried into streams and
rivers
• Radiation emissions are
extremely harmful/injurious

29. Why there is a need to
handle radio-active waste
carefully?
• Nuclear wastes
must be handled
properly as these
radiations when
emitted remain may
prove to be
dangerous for
thousands of years.