4. ďMyopia upto 6D :
in children <8 years of ageâŚ.
1. full correction
2.Constantly wearing of glasses to avoid developing
squinting and to enhance developing accommodation
ďAlways undercorrect myopes.
ďAlways advise the patient to choose the lens that
makes the letter more clear and not the one
which makes the letter smaller and darker.
in case of exophoria minus correction can be given.
5. in adults <30 yearsâŚfull correction
in adults >30 yearsâŚnot able to tolerate full
correction
over 3D
ďHigh myopia > 10D
undercorrection is always better to avoid problem of
near vision and that of minification of images.
7. Cycloplegic refraction(atropine or HA)
⢠If tendency for accommodative spasm
- Cycloplegic drops
- Plus over correction
ďIncrease accommodative facility by exercise
10. Cycloplegic refraction is must.
⢠If manifest error is small..i.e. 1D or small, correction is
given only if the patient is symptomatic.
⢠Children <4 years- accept full cycloplegic correction
once a child reaches school age, reduce the plus lenses
to 1/3 of refractive prescription( but child is not
allowed to accommodate more than 2.5D)
ďOlder children- may not accept full correction
so 1st
undercorrect and gradually increase the spherical
correction at 6 month interval till he accepts manifest
hypermetropia.
11. ďIf there is associated exophoria undercorrection for
about 1-2 D
ďIn the presence of accommodative convergent squint,
full correction at 1st
sitting
ďRemember_ hypermetropia may diminish with
growth of child..so refraction should be carried
out every 6 months.
ďTry to give manifest correction for adults.
13. ⢠Adult- 1st
time diagnosed
⢠Try optimal correction
⢠Undercorrection is acceptable with maintaining the
spherical equivalent
⢠Rotate axis towards 90 & 180
⢠Check binocular vision
⢠Check one or both axis to be parallel
⢠adult- already astigmatic
⢠It can be due to change in power
⢠- see pts comfort
⢠-may require undercorrection
⢠Axis- try to maintain previous one
⢠-see binocular vision
14. Astigmatic dial technique
ďFog the eye( to relax
accommodation) with
enough plus lenses by
creating compound
myopic astigmatism.
ďPatient is asked to identify
darkest and sharpest line..
ďMinus cylinder added
perpendicular to that axis
ďRule of 30
ďSwitch to distance vision
chart and reduce plus
lenses
15. Astigmatic fan test
ďAdd plus lens
ďRefer the patient to the
fan chart and ask which
line or group of lines
appear clearest &
darkest
ďDirecting attention to
the maddox arrow
ďDirecting attention to
the blocks
16. fogging
ď Place enough PLUS lenses to FOG vision to ~6/12 line
ď Slowly reduce the plus power until best VA is
obtained
Remember:
ďâMaximum plus power for best visual acuityâ
17. Duochrome test
ďBased on chromatic aberration
ď Green letters clearer = Add â+ 0.25DSâ
ď Red letters clearer = Add â- 0.25DSâ
ď End-point is obtained when the letters on the
RedGreen chart appears equally dark or when a
reversal occurs.
18. Pin hole test
ďPin hole is put in front
after correction if
patient is improving
than our prescribed lens
is undercorrected.
19. ďJCC used to determine the cylindrical axis and the
cylindrical power for the patient.
20. Binocular Balancing
ďThe technique is also known as "equalising".
ď During the monocular refraction, a different state of
relaxation of accommodation may occur because one
eye was under test while the other was not.
ď Thus, binocular balancing is performed to balance
between eyes.
1. Fogging and Alternate occlusion method
2.Duochrome test with fogging
3. Prism dissociation method
22. ďThe amount of presbyopic correction can be
calculated if the remaining amplitude of
accommodation(for his near point) is determined and
his working distance is specified.
ďi.e. A emmetropic patient has remaining amplitude
of accommodation 3D(near point 33cm). In order to
achieve comfortable near vision he must keep
one third of this in reserveâŚ.so he must use only
2D. If he wishes to see 25 cm clearly he needs 4D of
accommodation n so requires 2D of presbyopic
correction.
25. Franklin split bifocal lens
ďEarliest design
ďA distance lens whose
flat bottom abuts the
flat top of a separate
near lens.
26. Franklin cemented bifocals
ďNear portion is
constructed by attaching
supplementary lens to
the surface of a distance
lens of same RI.
ďUlraviolet cured epoxy
resin used as adhesive.
ďAlmost obsolete.
27. Fused bifocals
ď2 different material is
usedâŚbutton is of flint
glass and main lens is of
crown glass.
ďAdvantage-
inconspicuous dividing
line, mechanical stability
and low cost
ďDisadvantage-
chromatic aberrations
30. Progressive lens
ď Power of lenses change
gradually between the
distance and near zones.
ďNo visible interface
between zones.
ď2 types
1. Hard
2.Soft (newer)
31. Types of lenses
ďFlat lenses
1. Biconcave or biconvex
2.Plano-concave or plano-
convex
ďCurved lenses
1. Meniscus lens
2.Toric lens
3. Lenticular lens
4.Apheric lens
32. Meniscus lens
ďBase curve
-semifinished lens
Base curve is added to
anterior surface and
optician grinds its
other surface to get
required power
ďdeep meniscus lens
ďPeriscopic lens
33. Lenticular lenses
ďUsed for high power
ďCentral portion â power
â aperture â 30mm
ďPeripheral portion â
carrier â 1.2-2 mm
thinner than central part
ďReduce the weight of
spectacle and
aberrations
34. Toric lens
ďWhere one surface is spherical and other surface is
toroidal.
ďWhat is toroidal surface?
if we visualise a cylinder its one axis is curved while other
is straight which is the axis of cylinderâŚnow straight axis
is also curved then surface will become toroidal.
ďSpherical lens is ground on anterior surface and
posterior surface is made toroidal
ďBase curve used 6D
ďDifference between base curve and curvature of toric
surface equals the cylindrical power
35. Aspheric lenses
ď used to make high plus
aphakic lenses by
modifying the lens
curvature peripherally to
reduce aberration and
provide better
peripheral vision
ďBase curve for aphakic
lens is relatively flat.
37. Polycarbonate lenses
ď These lenses are impact-resistant and are a good
choice for people who regularly participate in sporting
activities, work in a job environment in which their
glasses may be easily scratched or broken
ď for children who may easily drop and scratch their
glasses.
ď Polycarbonate lenses provide ultraviolet protection.
38. High index lenses
ď Designed for people
who require high power
prescriptions, these
lenses are lighter and
thinner than the
standard thick lenses
that may otherwise be
needed.
39. Polarised lenses
ďLight reflected from
water or a flat surface
can cause unwanted
glare. Polarised lenses
reduce glare and are
useful for sport and
driving.
40. Photochromatic lenses
ď Made from either glass or
plastic, these glasses
change from clear to
tinted when exposed to
sunlight. This eliminates
the need for prescription
sunglasses. These lenses
may not darken in a car
because the windscreen
could block the ultraviolet
rays from the sun.
41. Tinted lens
ďDecreases transmittance
ďDone when patient is uncomfortable in bright lights or
exposed to UV radiation
Transmittance level Uses
75-80% Indoor uses
20-25% Mountain climbing , flying
20% sunglasses
42. Trivex lenses
ďMade from a newer plastic with similar characteristics
of polycarbonate lenses. It is light weight, thin and
impact-resistant and may result in better vision
correction in some people than polycarbonate lenses.
Anti reflective coating glasses for IR
ďcopper and gold coating reflect approximately 98% of
IR above 750 nm
Yellow filters
ďShooterâs glasses
ďIt increases contrast for longer wavelength objects
viewed against shorter wavelength background