08 The Skeletal System - Joints (1).pdf

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Joints
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology

2 or
more bones
Teeth
and bone
Cartilage
and bone
What Is a Joint?
A joint is a point of contact between:

Classification of Joints
Structurally
• Is there a joint cavity?
• What type of connective
tissue is involved?
• What degree of movement
is permitted?
Functionally

• Sutures
dense fibrous
connective tissue
• E.g., Suture
• Syndesmoses
more dense fibrous
connective tissue than a
suture
• E.g., gomphosis
• Interosseous membranes
a broad sheet of dense
fibrous connective tissue
• E.g., between the
radius and ulna
• Synchondrosis
hyaline cartilage;
no movement
• E.g., epiphyseal
plate
• Symphysis
fibrocartilage;
some movement
• E.g., pubic
symphysis
• Articular cartilage on the
ends of long bones and
a synovial cavity between
articulating bones
surrounded by accessory
ligaments; freely movable
• E.g., hip, knee,
shoulder, elbow
Structural Classification of Joints
Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial

Lack a synovial cavity
Articulating bones held together with
dense fibrous connective tissue
Permit little or no movement

OpenStax College, Fibrous Joints, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:904_Fibrous_Joints.jpg, CC BY 3.0
Suture

Dentoalveolar syndesmosis
(gomphosis)

OpenStax College, Fibrous Joints, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:904_Fibrous_Joints.jpg, CC BY 3.0
Syndesmosis (antebrachial
interosseous membrane)
Radius
Ulna

Classification of Fibrous Joints
Structural
classification
Description Functional
classification
Example
Suture Articulating bones united by a thin
layer of dense, irregular connective
tissue, found between the skull bones;
some sutures are replaced by
synostosis (separate cranial bones)
that fuse into a single bone
Synarthrosis
(immovable) and
amphiarthrosis
(slightly movable)
Coronal suture
Syndesmosis Articulating bones united by more
dense, irregular connective tissue,
usually a ligament
Amphiarthrosis
(slightly movable)
Distal
tibiofibular joint
Interosseous
membrane
Articulating bones united by a
substantial sheet of dense, irregular
connective tissue
Amphiarthrosis
(slightly movable)
Between tibia
and fibula

Lack a synovial cavity
Articulating bones held together with
cartilage connective tissue
Permit little or no movement

Synchondroses

Pubic symphysis

Classification of Cartilaginous Joints
Structural
classification
classification
Example
Synchondrosis Connecting material:
hyaline cartilage
Amphiarthrosis (slightly
movable) to synarthosis
(immovable)
Between the 1st rib and
the manubrium of the
sternum
Symphysis Connecting material:
broad, flat disc of
fibrocartilage
Amphiarthrosis (slightly
movable)
Pubic symphysis and
intervertebral joints
Epiphyseal
cartilage
A hyaline cartilage
growth center, not
actually a joint
Synarthrosis (immovable) Epiphyseal plate
between the diaphysis
and the epiphysis of a
long bone

Have a synovial cavity
Permit a large range
of movement

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:907_Synovial_Joints.jpg, CC BY 3.0
Bone
Articular
cartilage
Articular
capsule
Joint cavity
containing
synovial fluid
Ligaments
Bone
Nerve and
blood supply

©
Bursa and tendon sheaths can be found at many synovial joints.
Bursa
Sac-like structures filled with synovial
fluid that cushion movement of one
body part over another
Suprapatellar bursa
Prepatellar bursa
Infrapatellar bursa

Tube-like bursae that wrap around
tendons subject to a great
deal of friction
Tendon sheaths
Bursa and tendon sheaths can be found at many synovial joints.

Functional Classification of Joints
Allow no movement
(e.g., suture, gomphosis)
Synarthroses
Allow little movement
(e.g., pubic symphysis,
intervertebral discs)
Amphiarthroses
Freely movable
(e.g., hip, knee,
shoulder, elbow)
Diarthroses

Carpals
Types of Movement at Synovial Joints
Marian Ruiz Villarreal, PD. edited
Gliding Angular Rotation Special
Distal
phalanges
Intermediate
phalanges
Proximal
phalanges
Metacarpals

Sagittal
Frontal
Transverse

© by Lecturio
Frontal
Flexion Extension

© by Lecturio
Frontal
Extension
Flexion

© by Lecturio
Sagittal
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction

Lateral
rotation
Medial
rotation
Rotation

Retraction
of mandible
Protraction
of mandible

Elevation
of mandible
Depression
of mandible

Opposition

Supination (2)
(radius and ulna
are parallel)
Pronation (1)
(radius rotates
over ulna)
Anterior
Posterior
(1)
(2)

Dorsiflexion

Plantar flexion

Eversion
Inversion

Movements at Synovial Joints
Movement Description
Gliding Movement of relatively flat bone surfaces back and forth and side to side over one another; little
change in angle between bones
Angular Increase or decrease in the angle between bones
Flexion Decrease in the angle between articulating bones, usually in the sagittal plane
Lateral flexion Movement of the trunk in the frontal plane
Extension Increase in the angle between articulating bones, usually in the sagittal plane
Hyperextension Extension beyond an anatomical position
Abduction Movement of bone away from the midline, usually in the frontal plane
Adduction Movement of bone toward the midline, usually in the frontal plane
Circumduction Flexion, abduction, extension, adduction, and rotation in succession (or in the opposite order);
when the distal end of a body part moves in a circle
Rotation Movement of a bone around a longitudinal axis; in limbs, may be medial (toward the midline) or
lateral (away from the midline)

Movements at Synovial Joints
Movement Description
Special Occurs at specific joints
Elevation Superior movement of a body part
Depression Inferior movement of a body part
Protraction Anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane
Retraction Posterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane
Inversion Medial movement of the sole
Eversion Lateral movement of the sole
Dorsiflexion Bending the foot in the direction of the dorsum (superior surface)
Plantar flexion Bending the foot in the direction of the plantar surface (sole)
Supination Movement of the forearm that turns palms anteriorly
Pronation Movement of the forearm that turns palms posteriorly
Opposition Movement of the thumb across the palm to touch the fingertips on the same hand

Classification of Synovial Joints
Structural
classification
classification
Example
Plane Articulated surfaces flat
or slightly curved
Many biaxial diarthroses
(freely movable): back-and-
forth and side-to-side
movements; some triaxial
diarthroses: back-and-forth,
side-to-side, rotation
Intercarpal, intertarsal,
sternocostal (between
the sternum and the 2nd
to the 7th pairs of ribs),
and vertebrocostal joints
Hinge Convex surface fits into
concave surface
Uniaxial diarthrosis: flexion-
extension
Knee (modified hinge),
elbow, ankle, and
interphalangeal joints
Pivot Rounded or pointed
surface fits into a ring
formed partly by bone
and partly by ligament
Uniaxial diarthrosis: rotation Atlanto-axial and
radioulnar joints

Subtypes of Synovial Joints
Plane joint (e.g., wrist):
back and forth, side to side
Pivot joint (e.g., atlanto-
axial joint): rotation
Hinge joint (e.g., elbow):
flex/extend

Subtypes of Synovial Joints
Saddle joint (e.g., thumb):
back and forth, side to
side
Ball-and-socket joint (e.g., hip):
biggest range of motion
Condylar joint (e.g., wrist):
back and forth, side to side
+ circumduction

Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion
Structure and shape of
the articulating bones
Strength and tautness of
the joint ligaments
Arrangement and tension
of the muscles
Contact of soft parts Hormones Disuse

• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Lyme disease
• Sprain and strain
• Tenosynovitis
• Dislocated mandible
Disorders
, cropped, CC BY 2.0, flickr

• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Lyme disease
• Sprain and strain
• Tenosynovitis
• Dislocated mandible
Disorders

Treatment for Sprains and Joint Inflammations
R
P I C E
Rest
Protection Ice Compression Elevation

In a Nutshell
 The joints are connections between 2 bones;
cartilage and bone; and teeth and bone.
 The structural classifications of joints are
fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and
synovial joints.
 The functional classification of joints are
amphiarthroses, synarthroses, and diarthroses.

In a Nutshell
 Synovial joints are diarthroses and can be
subdivided into different types of joints: hinge,
pivot, plane, condyloid, saddle, and
ball-in-socket.
 Types of synovial joint movements are
gliding, angular, rotation,
and special movements.
 Homeostatic imbalances of the joints can include
arthritis, sprains and strains, and Lyme disease.

08 The Skeletal System - Joints (1).pdf

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08 The Skeletal System - Joints (1).pdf