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neurosurgery spinal instability subaxial spine degenerative spine classification spine spinal surgery craniocervical junction cervical spondylodiscitis discitis traumatic brain injury tbi diabetes insipidus brain stem instability whiteandpanjabi aosubaxialspine neurological deficit uncovertebral joint distraction hyperextension hyperflexion slic allenandferguson aospine cervical spine spondylosis csm radiculopathy myelopathy spinal cord herniation cervical disc herniation intrauterine surgery moms trial spina bifida aperta spina bifida occulta fumonisins folate microsurgery embryology neurulation meningocele myelomeningocele spina bifida pregabilin phenytoin gabapentin rhizolysis gasserion ganglion meckels cave stereotactic radiosurgery headache facial pain carbamezapine 5th cranial nerve neurology medicine rhizotomy radiofrequency thermocoagulati percutaneous glycerol rhizotom trigeminal nerve microvascular decompression trigeminal neuralgia craniocervical decompression spinal fusion orthopaedics foramen magnum suboccipital craniotomy transarticular screw posterior fixation c1 c2 fixation far lateral approach transoral decompression odontoidectomy craniocervical cranioverterbral junction 2016 who classification 2007 who classification glioblastoma molecular choroid plexus tumours diffuse glioma ependymoma cns tumuors 2021 who gliomas brain tumours who classification arterial theory batsons venous plexus contiguous haemotegenous iv drug use thoracic lumbar epidural abscess septic facet joint spondylitis soft tissue infection potts disease tb spinal epidural abscess vertebral osteomyelitis spinal infections colorado cantu concussion subarachniod haemorrage intraventricular haemorrhage ivh intraparenchymal haemorrhage subdural epidural contusion diffuse tbi focal mva violence severe moderate pathophysiology normal saline euvolemia hypervolemia hypertension triple h hypovolemia electrolytes sodium homeostasis hypernatremia hyponatremia cerebral salt wasting csw aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage ivf iv fluids in neurosurgery cerebrospinal flow csf dandys point fraziers foramen of monroe lateral ventricle frontal horn trajectory burrholes bactiseal brain relaxation intracranial pressure icp parietooccipital keens catheter kochers evd extraventricular drain external ventricular drain endoscopic transcranial spectroscopy hypothalamic syndrome pituitary deficiency intrasellar intraventricular suprasellar hoffman et al papillary adamantinomatous wnt signaling metaplastic embryogenic pituituary hypothalamus craniopharyngioma barrow et al. anatomical classification dural ccf sov approach ips approach parent artery occlusion embolization carotid-jugular compression manual compression therapy arteriovenous fistulas transvenous treatment transarterial treatment direct ccfs indirect ccfs neurovascular management ccf carotid cavernous fistulas