The document summarizes Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky's propaganda model, which argues that mass media is influenced by five filters - size and profit orientation of media corporations, reliance on advertising, sourcing from elite sources, managing negative responses ("flak"), and anticommunist ideology. These filters shape media in ways that are favorable to the interests of powerful groups and the state. The model was applied to show how propaganda campaigns have historically aligned with elite agendas.
2. A Propaganda Model
Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky
Role of media
Educate
Inform
Entertain
Inculcate
Wealth and major conflicts of class interest
Fulfill their role requires systematic propaganda
Now a Day Media looks like free
Its chained by the elite
Muhammad Faheem
3. A Propaganda Model
Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky
Manufacturing Consent 1988
Model focuses on this inequality of wealth and power
Multilevel effects on mass-media interests and
choices
The raw material of news must pass through
successive five filters
Leaving only the cleansed residue fit to print.
Muhammad Faheem
4. A Propaganda Model
Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky
Even Journalists are convinced on news value.
System is built in a fundamental way
Alternative path for news is impossible
Muhammad Faheem
5. A Propaganda Model
Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky
The First Filter
Size, Ownership, and Profit Orientation of the Mass Media
James Curran and Jean Seaton
Radical Press emerged in early 19th century
Working-class audience
Unified the workers
Muhammad Faheem
6. A Propaganda Model
Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky
The First Filter
Size, Ownership, and Profit Orientation of the Mass Media
Expensive security bond as a condition for publication
Imposing various taxes designed
After 1869 not a single daily was established in
Britain.
Eclipse of the national radical
Muhammad Faheem
7. A Propaganda Model
Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky
The First Filter
Size, Ownership, and Profit Orientation of the Mass Media
Industrialization of the press
Pre-Television news markets were local
Muhammad Faheem
8. A Propaganda Model
Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky
The Second Filter
The Advertising License to do Business
Advertising serve as a powerful mechanism
weakening the working-class press
Accomplish what state taxes and harassment failed to
do
Advertisers acquired a de facto licensing authority
Muhammad Faheem
9. A Propaganda Model
Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky
The Second Filter
The Advertising License to do Business
Without advertisement newspapers ceased to be
economically viable
Circulation was supposed to cover the cost
Advertisement made it below the price of production
Muhammad Faheem
10. A Propaganda Model
Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky
The Second Filter
The Advertising License to do Business
The advertiser’s choices influence media prosperity
and survival
Working-class and radical papers have been at a
serious disadvantage
Readers are not purchasers
crucial importance of audience “quality”
Muhammad Faheem
11. A Propaganda Model
Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky
The Second Filter
The Advertising License to do Business
Public-television station WNET lost its corporate
funding
“Hungry for Profit”
Muhammad Faheem
12. A Propaganda Model
Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky
The Third Filter
Sourcing Mass-Media News
Symbiotic relationship with powerful sources of
information
Economic necessity and reciprocity of interest
The principle of bureaucratic affinity, Mark Fisherman
Muhammad Faheem
13. A Propaganda Model
Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky
The Third Filter
Sourcing Mass-Media News
Protect from criticisms of bias, they need material that
can be portrayed as presumptively accurate.
Facilitates to gather
Advance copies of speeches and forthcoming reports
Muhammad Faheem
14. A Propaganda Model
Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky
The Third Filter
Sourcing Mass-Media News
Mutual dependency
The powerful can use personal relationships, threats,
and rewards to further influence the media
Defense Analyst via ISPR
Muhammad Faheem
15. A Propaganda Model
Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky
The Fourth Filter
Flak and the Enforcers
“Flak” refers to negative response
Letters
Telegrams
Phone calls
Lawsuits
Speeches
Muhammad Faheem
16. A Propaganda Model
Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky
The Fourth Filter
Flak and the Enforcers
Uncomfortable and costly to the media
Positions have to be defended within the organization
Sometimes before legislatures
Even in courts
Advertisers may withdraw
Muhammad Faheem
17. A Propaganda Model
Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky
The Fourth Filter
Flak and the Enforcers
Flak from the powerful can be either direct or indirect
Government is a major producer of flak
Assailing, threatening, and “correcting” the media
Muhammad Faheem
18. A Propaganda Model
Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky
The Final Filter
Anticommunism as a Control Mechanism
Ideology of anticommunism
Mobilize the populace against an enemy
Serves as a political-control mechanism
Exercise a profound influence on media
Muhammad Faheem
19. A Propaganda Model
Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky
The Final Filter
Anticommunism as a Control Mechanism
Taliban use to torture citizen so human rights were used as a
propaganda tool
Taliban a hero was also part of the propaganda campaign
Propaganda campaigns in general have been closely attuned to
elite interests
Muhammad Faheem
20. A Propaganda Model
Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky
Five Filters
Size, Ownership, and Profit Orientation of the Mass
Media
The Advertising License to do Business
Sourcing Mass-Media News
Flak and the Enforcers
Anticommunism as a Control Mechanism
Muhammad Faheem
