This presentation all about the qualitative research design its approaches features characteristics analysis and also data collection tools in this presentation approaches are very deeply discussed.

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2. RESEARCH IN EDUCATION
Presented to:
Dr. Muhammad Sarwar
Presented By:
Muhammad Imran
Rashna Asif
Tahira Gillani
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3. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
METHODS
Activity No 08
Topic:
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4. Content
Qualitative Research Methods1
The salient features of qualitative
research2
Approaches to qualitative research
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Designing and conducting qualitative
research4
Data analysis and reporting results5
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5. Introduction of Qualitative research
“Development of concepts which help us to understand social phenomena in
natural (rather than experimental)settings, giving emphasis to the meanings,
experience, and views of the participants.” (Pop & Mays, 1995)
Qualitative Research is collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data by
observing what people do and say.
Qualitative research methods explain how and why something happens.
Qualitative research is specially important in the behavioral sciences where the
aim to discover the underlying motives of human behavior.
In qualitative research, a researcher gives more importance to the concepts,
definitions, meanings.
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It is concerned with subjective assessment of attitudes opinions and behavior.
Qualitative research methods are used to obtain detailed answers to the
questions.
It doesn’t involve numerical data, instead uses words, pictures, videos, audio
recordings, Field notes, People’s own words.
Tends to start with a broad question rather than a specific hypothesis.
Explore how and why things happened.
Develop theory
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7. The salient features of Qualitative research
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Natural Setting
Qualitative researchers tend to collect
data in the field at the site where
participants experience the issue or
problem under study. In the natural
setting, the researchers have face-to-
face interaction over time.
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Researcher as key
instrument
Qualitative researchers collect data
themselves through examining documents,
observing behavior, or interviewing
participants. They do not rely on
questionnaires or instruments developed by
other researchers.
Multiple sources of data
Qualitative researchers typically
gather multiple forms of data, such as
interviews, observations, and
documents, rather than rely on a
single data source.
Complex reasoning
It is beneficial for complex reasoning
because sometimes there are search
situations which are required to have
complex rationale to get the right result
rather than direct statistical answers.

8. Ethnography
Grounded Theory
Case studies
Phenomenology
Narrative research
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Approaches to Qualitative research
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9. • Developed from social anthropology in the first decades of
the20th century.
• Ethnographic research focuses on the study of culture.
• Ethnography is a qualitative design in which the researcher
describes and interprets the shared and learned pattern of
values , behavior, belief and language of a culture.
• Participant observation can be used as a method. The
ethnographer become immersed in the culture as an active
participant and records extensive field notes.
• Researcher is a part of social setting for prolong period.
• The objective of ethnography research is to understanding a
culture norm and values social environment of a group.
Ethnography
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10. Types of Ethnography
• Autoethnography:
A self-examination within a cultural context.
• Ethnographic case studies:
A case study within a cultural perspective
• Critical Ethnography:
A study of marginalized group.
• Feminist Ethnography:
The study of women and cultural practice.
• Postmodern ethnography:
A study of particular challenges or problems of society.
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Phenomenology
• Phenomenology is sometimes considered a philosophical
perspective as well as an approach to qualitative methodology.
• It has a long history in several social research disciplines
including psychology, sociology, and social work.
• It is a strategy of inquiry in which the researcher identifies the
essence of human experiences about a phenomenon as
described by participants.
• Understanding the lived experiences marks phenomenology as
a philosophy as well as a method, and the procedure involves
studying a small number of subjects through extensive and
prolonged engagement to develop patterns and relationships
of meaning (Moustakas, J 994).
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• In this process, the researcher brackets or sets aside his or her own experiences
in order to understand those of the participants in the study (Nieswiadomy.
1993).
• Phenomenology is the school of thought that emphasizes a focus on people’s
subjective experiences and interpretations of the world. That is, the
phenomenologist wants to understand how the world appears to others.
• It is not concerned with the causal explanations but with the human experience.
• For Example, “if you want to know what is love, you would not ask
psychologists, you would tap into your own experiences.” (Littlejohn & Koss,
2011, p.47)
• A variety of methods can be used in phenomenologically based research,
including interviews, conversations and participant observation.
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13. Grounded Theory
• This design is developed in Sociology in 1967 by the Researcher Barney Glaser and
Ansley Strauss.
• Glaser and Strauss developed a pioneering book that expounded in detail on their
grounded theory procedures, The Discovery of Grounded Theory (1967).
• In a grounded theory study, the researchers intend to generate a theory that is
“‘grounded’ in data from participants who have experienced the process (Strauss
&Corbin, 1998).”
• Grounded theory is a qualitative research design in which the researcher generates a
general explanation (a theory) of a process, action, or interaction shaped by the views of a
large number of a participant.
• The data in a grounded theory study are collected primarily through one-on-one
interviews, focus group interviews, and participant observation by the researcher.
• It focuses on building theory and It creates meaning from data.
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14. Defining Features of Grounded Theory
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Focus on a process or an
action/ Interaction.
The primary form of data
collection is often
interviewing- going back and
forth
Development of a theory of
this process or action/
Interaction
Data analysis can be
structured/unstructured
Constant Comparative
Method

15. Case studies
• Case studies are a strategy of inquiry in which the researcher
explores in depth a program, event, activity, process, or one or more
individuals.
• Cases are bounded by time and activity and researchers collect
detailed information using a variety of data collection procedures
over a sustained period of time (Slake, l 995 ).
• Students in medicine, law, business, and the social sciences often
study cases as part of their training.
• For example, a case study research method originated in medicine
(the case history, i.e. the patient personal history) and a case study
in business might study a particular firm’s strategy.
• The case studies of Piaget and Vigotsky, for example, have
contributed much to our understanding of cognitive and moral
development.
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• Case studies are good for describing, comparing, evaluating and understanding
different aspects of a research problem.
• A case study is an appropriate research design when you want to gain concrete,
contextual, in-depth knowledge about a specific real-world subject.
• It allows you to explore the key characteristics, meanings and implications of
the case.
• Case studies are often good choice in a thesis or dissertation. They keep your
project focused and manageable when you don’t have the time or resources to
do large scale research.
• In case study, data are gathered from a variety of sources and by using several
different methods (e.g. observation & interviews).
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17. Narrative research
It is a strategy of inquiry in which the researcher studies
the lives of individuals and asks one or more individuals
to provide stories about their lives.
This information is then often retold or restored by the
researcher into a narrative chronology.
Sometimes it is referred to as storytelling.
ln the end, the narrative combines views from the
participant's life with those of the researcher’s life in a
collaborative narrative (Ciandinin & Connelly. 2000).
Narrative research is good for capturing the detailed
stories or life experiences of one or more individuals,
groups or organizations
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18. Different forms of Narrative research
It is a form of narrative study in which the
researcher writes and records the experiences
of another person’s life.
Biographical study
It is written and recorded by the individuals
who are the subject of the study
Autobiography
A life history portrays an individual’s entire life, while a
personal experience story is a narrative study of an individual’s
personal experiences found in single or multiple episodes,
private situations, or communal folklore.
Life History
Oral History
An oral history consists of gathering personal reflections of events and
their causes and effects from one individual or several individuals
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19. Designing and conducting Qualitative research
Decide on a questions you want to study
Do a literature review
Evaluate whether qualitative research is the right fit
Consider your ideal sample size
Choose a qualitative research methodology
Collect your data
Analyze your data
Write up your research
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1.Participant
Observation
2.Non-Participant
Observation
Observation Interviews Documents Audio visual
Material
1.Face-to-Face
2.Telephonic
3.Focus group
1.Public Documents
2.Private Documents
1.Photographs
2.Video tapes
3.Film
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21. Data Analysis
Raw Data (transcripts, fieldnotes, images,
etc.)
Organizing and Preparing
Data for Analysis
Reading Through All Data
Coding the data
(Hand or Computer)
Themes Description
Interrelating Themes/Description
(e.g., grounded theory, ·case study)
Interpreting the Meaning of
Themes/Descriptions
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Use quotes and vary their length from short to long embedded passages.
Script conversation and report the conversation in different languages to reflect
cultural sensitivity.
Present text information in tabular form (e.g., matrices, comparison tables of different
codes).
Use the wording from participants to form codes and theme labels.
Use the first person "I" or collective "we" in the narrative form.
Use the narrative approach typically used within a qualitative strategy of inquiry (e.g.,
description in case studies and ethnographies, a detailed story in narrative research).
Describe how the narrative outcome will be compared with theories and the general
literature on the topic. In many qualitative articles researchers discuss the literature at
the end of the study
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