hematological parameters urine analysisi thyroid function test liver function test

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HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
RBC(Red
Blood Cell
Count)
Male:4.32-5.72
trillion cells/L
(4.32-
5.72calls/mcL**)
Female: 3.90-
5.03 trillion
cells/L (3.90-
5.03 million
cells/ mcL
Known as
polycythemia
 Dehydration
 Lung(pulmonary)
disease
 Kidney or other
tumor that
produces excess
erythropoietin
 Smoking
 Genetic
causes(altered
oxygen sensing,
abnormality in
hemoglobin
oxygen release)
 Polycythemia
vera- a rare
disease
Known as anemia
 Acute or
chronic
bleeding
 RBC
destruction (eg;
hemolytic
anemia etc)
 Nutritional
deficiency (eg;
iron deficiency,
vitamin B12 or
folate
deficiency)
 Bone marrow
disorders or
damage
 Chronic
inflammatory
disease
 Kidney failure.
Hemoglobin
(Hb)
Male: 13.0-
18.0g/dl
Female: 11.7-
16.0g/dl
Usually mirrors RBC
results
Usually mirrors
RBC results,
provides added
information.
Hematocrit(Hct)
Or packed cell
volume (PCV)
Male: 40-52%
Female: 35-47%
Usually mirrors RBC
results; most
common cause is
dehydration
Usually mirrors
RBC results

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Mean
corpuscular
volume (MCV)
Male: 80-98fl
Female: 79-98fl
Indicates RBC are
larger than normal
(macrocytic), for
example in anemia
caused by vitamin
B12 or folate
deficiency
Indicates RBC are
smaller than
normal
(microcytic);
caused by iron
deficiency anemia.
Mean
corpuscular
hemoglobin
(MCH)
Male:26-34pg Mirrors MCV results;
macrocytic RBC are
large so tend to have
a higher MCH
Mirrors MCV
results; small red
cells would have a
lower value
Mean
corpuscular
hemoglobin
concentration
(MCHC)
32-36% Indicates
hemogoglobin is
more concentrated
inside the red cells,
such as autoimmune
hemolytic anemia, in
burn patients, and
hereditary
spherocytosis.
May be low when
MCV is low;
decreased MCHC
values
(hypochromia) are
seen in conditions
such as iron
deficiency anemia.
Platelet count 150.000/µL or
150.0x 103/µL
Known as
thrombocytosis:
 Cancer (lung,
gastrointestinal,
breast, ovarian,
lymphoma)
 Rheumatoid
arthritis,
inflammatory
bowel disease,
lupus
 Iron deficiency
anemia
 Hemolytic anemia
Known as
thrombocytopenia:
 Viral infection
(mononucleosi
s, measles,
hepatitis)
 Platelet
autoantibody
 Drugs
(acetaminophe
n, quinidine,
sulfa drugs)
 Cirrhosis
 Autoimmune

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disorders
 Sepsis
 leukemia,
lymphoma
 chemo or
radiation
therapy
Mean platelet
volume(MPV)
7.4-10.4fl High number
indicates bone
marrow producing
and releasing
platelets rapidly into
circulation.
Low MPV
indicate
production of
platelets by the
bone marrow

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HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETER
PARAMETER NORMAL
VALUE
SIGNIFICANCE OF
HIGH COUNT
SIGNIFICANCE
OF LOW COUNT
WBC (White
Blood Cell
Count)
4.5-10.5
billion
cell/L(3,500
to 10,500cell/
Mc/L)
Known as leukocytosis
•Infection most
commonly bacterialor
viral
•Inflammation
•Leukemia
•Allergies, asthma
•Tissue
death(trauma,burns,
heart attack)
•Intense exercise or
severe stress
Known as
leukopenia
•Bone marrow
disorder or damage
•Autoimmune
condition
•Severe infection
(sepsis)
•Lymphoma or
cancer that spread
to the bone marrow
•Diseases of
immune system
(e.g,HIV
Neutrophilis 2.0-7.0x109/1
(40-80%)
Known as neutrophilia
•Acute bacterial
infections
•Inflammation
•Tissue death (necrosis)
caused by trauma ,heart
attack,burns
•Physiological
(stress,rigorous
exercise)
•Certain leukemia (e.g.
Chronic myeloid
leukemia)
Known as
neutropenia
•Leukemia
•HIV and hepatitis
•Bacterial infection
e.g.,TB
•Radiations
•Vitamin B12 and
folic acid
deficiency

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Lymphocytes 1.0-30x109/1
(20-40%)
viral Known as
lymphocytosis
•Acute infection (e.g.
Chicken pox,
cytomegalovirus(CMV),
Epstein-Barr virus
(EBV), herpes ,rubella)
•Certain bacterial
infection (e.g. Pertussis,
whopping ,cough,
Tuberculosis (TB)
•Toxoplasmosis
.Chronic inflammatory
disorder
(e.g. Ulcerative colitis)
•Lymphocytic leukemia,
lymphoma
•Stress (acute)
Known as
lymphocytopenia
•Autoimmune
disorder e.g. Lupus,
Rheumatoid
arthritis
•Infections
(e.g.,HIV, viral
hepatitis, typhoid
fever, influenza)
•Bone marrow
damage (e.g.,
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy)
•Corticosteroids
Monocytes 0.2-1.0x109/1
(2-10%)
•Chronic
infestation(e.g.,
Tuberculosis, Fungal
infection)
•Infection within the
heart (bacterial
endocarditis)
•Collagen vascular
diseases(e.g. Lupus,
sclero
derma ,rheumatoid
arthritis,
vasculitis)
•Monocytic or
Myelomonocytic
leukemia
(acute or chronic)
Usually, one low
count is not
medically
significant
Repeated low count
can indicated
•Bone marrow
damage or failure
•Hair cell leukemia

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Eosinophils 0.02-
0.5x109/1(1-
6%)
•Asthma as hay fever
•Leukemia or
lymphomas
•Parasitic infections
•Inflammatory disorders
•Inflammatory bowel
disease
As with eosinophils
,number are
normally low in the
blood usually not
medically
significant
Basophils 0.02-
0.1x109/1
(<1-2%)
•Rare allergic reactions
(hives, food, allergy)
•Inflammation
(rheumatoid arthritis,
Ulcerative colitis)
Numbers are
normally low in the
blood. One or an
occasional low
number is usually
not medically
significant

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URINALYSIS
PARAMETER NORMAL SIGNIFICANCE
PHYSICAL
Colour Yellow Deviations from normal colour maybe
due to certain drugs or various vegetables.
Odour Slightly
aromatic
Ammonia like on bacterial infection
Specific gravity 1.001 – 1.0035 Osmotic pressure- sp.gr. is a means of
assessing kidneys ability to regulate
osmotic pressure,kidney function, state of
hydration,oliguria and Diabetes insipidus
PH 4.6 – 8.0 Vegetarian diet increase alkalinity.
High protein diet increases alkalinity
CHEMICAL
Ketones Negative Presence indicates diabetes mellitus,
starvation, diarrhea.
Proteins Negative Presence indicates increased permeability
of glomerulus membrane.
Non pathological causes: pregnancy,
physical exertion, increased protein
consumption.
Pathological causes: glomerulonephritis
bacterial toxins, chemical poisons.

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Glucose Negative Presence is due to the main cause
Diabetes mellitus
Bilirubin Negative Presence indicates liver cirrhosis, liver
disorders, hepatitis, obstruction of bile
duct.
MICROSCOPIC
RBC 4Rbc/per HPF Presence indicates kidney stones, tumors,
physical trauma, glomerulonephritis
WBC 2-3 pus
cells/per HPF
Presence indicates UTI
Crystals Very few Numerous calcium oxalate crystals
suggest hypercalcemia or ethylene glycol
ingestion

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THYROID FUNCTION TESTS
PARAMETER VALUE SIGNIFICANCE
“TSH” Test-
thyroid
stimulating
hormone/ serum
thyrotropin
0.4 to 0.6
0.3 to 3.0(as of 2003)
Under 4 can indicate possible
hyperthyroidism. Over 6 is
considered indicative of
hypothyroidism.
Total T4/ Serum
thyroxine
4.5 to 12.5 Less than 4.5 can be indicative of
an under functioning thyroid when
TSH is also elevated. Over 12.5
can indicate hyperthyroidism.
Low T4 with low TSH can
sometimes indicate a pituitary
problem.
Free T4/ Free
Thyroxine- FT4
0.7 to 2.0 Less than 0.7 is considered
indicative of possible
hypothyroidism
T3/ Serum
triiodothyronine
80 to 220 Less than 80 can indicate
hypothyroidism.

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LIVER FUNCTION TEST
PARAMETER NORMAL SIIGNIFICANCE
AST 0-35units/L Large amounts in heart
and liver,moderate
amount in
kidney,muscle and
pancreas.
Increase with MI and
liver injury
ALT 0-35units/L Increase suggest liver
damage
ALP 30-120units/L Increase in bile duct
obstruction,obstructive
liver disease ,rapid
bone growth
pregnancy.
GGT 0-70units/L Reflects hepatocellular
injury
Bilirubin-total 0.1-1mg/dl High levels indicates
jaundice,hepatic or
blood disorders
Bilirubin-direct 0-0.2mg/dl