The document discusses translation, including what translation is, why we translate, and what is translated. It covers the different types of translation including literal, faithful, and free translation. It provides examples of fields that use translation such as diplomacy, industry, culture, science, history, economics, and politics. Translation is important for sharing knowledge and opening communication between peoples. The summary provides a high-level overview of the key topics and concepts discussed in the original Arabic document in 3 sentences.

1. ‫ﻣﴫ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﲈء‬ ‫ﳌﺪوﱐ‬ ‫ﻳﱯ‬‫ر‬‫ﺘﺪ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﱪانﻣﺞ‬
“‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺳﺎ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﳌﺮﺣةل‬”
‫اﳋﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﶈﻮر‬

2. ‫اﳋﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﶈﻮر‬ ‫ﺘﻮى‬‫ﳏ‬:‫ﻴﺺ‬‫ﺘﻠﺨ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬
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‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻦ‬
‫ﻧﱰﰖ؟‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫ﻧﱰﰖ؟‬ ‫ﳌﺎذا‬ ‫ﱔ؟‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫اع‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻧ‬ٔ‫ا‬
‫وﻣﺸالكﲥﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺲ‬ٔ‫ا‬
‫اﳌﱰﲨﲔ‬ ‫ﲥﻢ‬ ‫اﻗﻊ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻓﻦ‬
‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﺣﻞ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫اﳉﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﴍوط‬ ‫وﻣﺸالكﲥﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺲ‬ٔ‫ا‬
‫ﻣﺜةل‬ٔ‫ا‬
‫اﳉﻴﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﴍوط‬
‫اﻟﻔﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺔ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺻﻌ‬ ‫ﻣﺎم‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ـﺘﻌﻤةل‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﳌ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﳊﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮة‬ ‫ﻛﱶ‬ٔ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺔ‬ٓ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫اﻗﻊ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﱰﲨﲔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺎﰁ‬
‫اﳉﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﴍوط‬
‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫اﳌﻘﺎةل‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬
‫اﻟﺮواﻳﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬

3. ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻦ‬
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‫ﺷﲀل‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻪ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﰎ‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬]١[‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﳇﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﳣﻌﺖ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ا‬"‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ال‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻗ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ﻓﲀر‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﲏ‬ ‫ﳖﺎ‬ٔ‫ا‬
‫اﳌﻨﻘﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺺ‬ ‫روح‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺧﺮى‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ٕﱃ‬‫ا‬“
‫ﻧﱰﰖ؟‬ ‫ﳌﺎذا‬
‫ات‬‫ر‬‫اﳊﻀﺎ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬
‫ﺧﺮى‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﱈ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﻮب‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺘﺎح‬‫الا‬‫ﺧﺮى‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﱈ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﻮب‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺘﺎح‬‫الا‬
‫ﻧﱰﰖ؟‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬
‫ﺗﴫﳛﺎت‬‫و‬ ‫ات‬‫و‬‫ﻧﺪ‬‫و‬ ‫ات‬‫ﴐ‬‫وﳏﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺐ‬
‫ﺧﺒﺎر‬ٔ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫وﻣﻘﺎﻻت‬ ‫دﺑﻴﺔ‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﻋﲈل‬ٔ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ﲝﺎث‬ٔ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺐ‬
‫اجملﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﰻ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬:،‫ﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﺘﻘ‬‫ا‬ ،‫ـﻴﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ادلﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﻳﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﻌﺴﻜ‬ ،‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ،‫ﻳﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎ‬ ،‫ﺒﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﻄ‬‫ا‬ ،‫دﺑﻴﺔ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎرﳜﻴﺔ‬‫و‬ ،‫الاﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ،‫ﻧﻴﺔ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ،‫ـﻴﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ـﻴﺎ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬.

4. ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫اع‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻧ‬ٔ‫ا‬
4444
‫ٕﱃ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮب‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬‫ﺗ‬٣‫اع‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻧ‬ٔ‫ا‬:
١.‫ﻳﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﺘﺤ‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬.٢.‫ﻬﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﺸﻔ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬.٣.‫ﻟﻴﺔ‬ٓ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬.
ً‫وﻻ‬ٔ‫ا‬ً‫وﻻ‬ٔ‫ا‬ً‫وﻻ‬ٔ‫ا‬ً‫وﻻ‬ٔ‫ا‬::::‫ﻳﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﺘﺤ‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬‫ﻳﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﺘﺤ‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬‫ﻳﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﺘﺤ‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬‫ﻳﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﺘﺤ‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬))))‫ﺑﺔ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻣﻜﺘ‬‫ﺑﺔ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻣﻜﺘ‬‫ﺑﺔ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻣﻜﺘ‬‫ﺑﺔ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻣﻜﺘ‬((((
ٔ‫ا‬.‫ﻓﻴﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﳊ‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬:
،‫اﳌﻨﻘﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺺ‬ ‫وروح‬ ‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﻓﲀر‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻋﺎة‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫ﲝﺮف‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻓ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺧﺮى‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﺑﺔ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻣﻜﺘ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ٕﱃ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺑﺔ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻣﻜﺘ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟالكم‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﻞ‬،‫اﳌﻨﻘﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺺ‬ ‫وروح‬ ‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﻓﲀر‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻋﺎة‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫ﲝﺮف‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻓ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺧﺮى‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﺑﺔ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻣﻜﺘ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ٕﱃ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺑﺔ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻣﻜﺘ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟالكم‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﻞ‬
‫ﺘﺴﺎﻏﺔ‬‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫وﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻘﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺘﺪﺋﲔ‬‫ﳌ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﻋﺎدة‬
‫ب‬.‫ﻓﲀر‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺗﺮﲨﺔ‬:
‫اﳌﻨﻘﻮةل‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺼﻮص‬ ‫روح‬ ‫اﻋﺎة‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺔ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻣﻜﺘ‬ ‫ﺧﺮى‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ٕﱃ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﳌﻄﺒﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺼﻮص‬ ‫وﻣﻔﺎﻫﲓ‬ ‫ﻓﲀر‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﻞ‬.
‫ﺘﺴﺎﻏﺔ‬‫ﻣﺴ‬‫و‬ ‫وﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫الاﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎب‬ ‫ﺳﻬةل‬
‫ﻓﲔ‬‫ﱰ‬‫اﶈ‬‫و‬ ‫اء‬‫ﱪ‬‫اﳋ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﻋﺎدة‬

5. ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫اع‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻧ‬ٔ‫ا‬
5555
‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻴ‬‫ﻧ‬‫اث‬‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻴ‬‫ﻧ‬‫اث‬‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻴ‬‫ﻧ‬‫اث‬‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻴ‬‫ﻧ‬‫اث‬::::‫ﻬﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﺸﻔ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬‫ﻬﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﺸﻔ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬‫ﻬﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﺸﻔ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬‫ﻬﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﺸﻔ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬) :) :) :) :‫ﻣﻨﻄﻮﻗﺔ‬‫ﻣﻨﻄﻮﻗﺔ‬‫ﻣﻨﻄﻮﻗﺔ‬‫ﻣﻨﻄﻮﻗﺔ‬((((
ٔ‫ا‬.‫ﺘﺘﺎﺑﻌﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬:
‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻌ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﴎ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻴ‬‫ﺷﻔﻬ‬ ‫ﻫﺪف‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ٕﱃ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺻﻞ‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻼم‬ٔ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ﺗﴫﳛﺎت‬‫و‬ ‫ات‬‫و‬‫ﻧﺪ‬‫و‬ ‫ات‬‫ﴐ‬‫وﳏﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﱔ‬
‫اﳌﺘﺤﺪث‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﱰﲨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﰒ‬ ‫ابﻫامتم‬ ‫اﳌﱰﰖ‬ ‫ﳣﻌﻬﺎ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻳ‬.
‫ب‬.‫ﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬: ‫ب‬.‫ﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬:
‫ﴯﺼﲔ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﳏﺎدﺛﺔ‬ ‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ار‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺎﺑﻌﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮب‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫ج‬.‫اﻟﻔﻮرﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬:
ً‫ارﲡﺎﻻ‬‫و‬ ً‫ﺔ‬‫ﺷﻔﺎﻫ‬ ‫ﻫﺪف‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ٕﱃ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺻﻞ‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ات‬‫و‬‫ﻧﺪ‬‫و‬ ‫ات‬‫ﴐ‬‫وﳏﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﱔ‬
‫ﻬﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﺸﻔ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﳾء‬ ‫ﺻﻌﺐ‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫وﻫﺬا‬ ،‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻳﱰﲨﻬﺎ‬‫و‬ ‫اﳌﱰﰖ‬ ‫ﳣﻌﻬﺎ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻳ‬
‫اثﻟﺜﺎ‬‫اثﻟﺜﺎ‬‫اثﻟﺜﺎ‬‫اثﻟﺜﺎ‬::::‫ﻟﻴﺔ‬ٓ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬‫ﻟﻴﺔ‬ٓ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬‫ﻟﻴﺔ‬ٓ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬‫ﻟﻴﺔ‬ٓ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬::::
‫ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﺑﴩي‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﳊﺎﺳﻮب‬ ‫ـﺘﺨﺪام‬‫ﺳ‬‫اب‬ ‫ﻳﺔ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻟﻠﻐ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺼﻮص‬ ‫ﺗﺮﲨﺔ‬

6. ‫ﺸالكﲥﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺲ‬ٔ‫ا‬
6666
‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺲ‬ٔ‫ا‬‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺲ‬ٔ‫ا‬‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺲ‬ٔ‫ا‬‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺲ‬ٔ‫ا‬]]]]٢٢٢٢[[[[
‫اﳌﻌﲎ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬)‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻴ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺣ‬ ً‫ﻧﻘﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﳫﲈت‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬‫و‬.(
‫ﻟﻠﻐﻮي‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻼف‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬)‫وﻣﺪﻟﻮﻻﺗﻪ‬ ،‫ﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﳌ‬‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫اﳊﺎﴐ‬‫و‬ ‫اﳌﺎﴈ‬ ‫اء‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬.(
‫ﺳﻠﻮب‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬)‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﱴ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺪف‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻀﺎرة‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﶺﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬‫و‬ ‫ﺸﺒﳱﺎت‬‫ﻟﺘ‬‫ا‬.( ‫ﺳﻠﻮب‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬)‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﱴ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺪف‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻀﺎرة‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﶺﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬‫و‬ ‫ﺸﺒﳱﺎت‬‫ﻟﺘ‬‫ا‬.(
‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺸالكت‬‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺸالكت‬‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺸالكت‬‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺸالكت‬
‫ﺴﺒﺐ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﳇﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺔ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ادلﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫اﳌﻌﲎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﳌﱰﰖ‬ ‫ﲺﺰ‬:
‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻔ‬‫ﻃﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻓ‬‫اﺧﺘﻼ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻧﳱﺎ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﲣﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﱵ‬ ‫ادﻓﺎت‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﳌ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪد‬)Polysemy.(
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻐﲑ‬ ‫اذلي‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬/‫اﻟﺸﻌﻮب‬ ‫دلى‬ ‫اﻟﳫﻤﺔ‬ ‫دﻻﻻت‬.

7. ‫ﺸالكﲥﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺲ‬ٔ‫ا‬
7777
‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺸالكت‬‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺸالكت‬‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺸالكت‬‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺸالكت‬
‫ﺴﺒﺐ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﳇﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺔ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ادلﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫اﳌﻌﲎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﳌﱰﰖ‬ ‫ﲺﺰ‬:
‫ﻃﺎﺑﻊ‬/‫ﺗﺆد‬ ‫اﻟﱵ‬ ‫اﻋﺪﻫﺎ‬‫ﻮ‬‫وﻗ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ‬‫ي‬‫اﻛﻴﺐ‬‫ﱰ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫اﲵﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺪم‬
‫ﻟﻐﻮ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬‫ي‬‫ادلارﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺎظ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬)Idioms(‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬‫و‬)Proverbs(‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﳊ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﲨﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﻮ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬‫ي‬‫ادلارﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺎظ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬)Idioms(‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬‫و‬)Proverbs(‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﳊ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﲨﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫اﳌﻘﺼﻮد‬ ‫اﳌﻌﲎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬
ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬‫ﺘﻌﺒﲑ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮب‬:ٍ‫ﻣﻌﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﺴﻬﺎ‬‫ﻧﻔ‬ ‫اﻟﳫﲈت‬ ‫ـﺘﺨﺪام‬‫ﺳ‬‫ا‬‫ـﻴﺎﻗﻪ‬‫ﺳ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﳎﺎل‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬)Homonyms(
‫دﺑﻴﺔ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اجملﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﻏﻠﺐ‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﳖﺎ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺔ؛‬ٓ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫الاﻋامتد‬ ‫ﺑﺔ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺻﻌ‬.‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬‫و‬
‫ﻓﻴﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺗﲀد‬‫و‬ ،‫اﳌﻌﲎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺘﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ٕن‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ ،‫اﻟﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻗﲓ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺎت‬.‫ﺗﻌﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﳖﺎ‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﻛﲈ‬ً‫ﻟﻐﻮاي‬
ً‫ﻴ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﴏ‬ ‫اﻟﳫﲈت‬ ‫ﲢﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬‫اﺣﻖ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻟﻠ‬‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫اﺑﻖ‬‫ﻮ‬‫اﻟﺴ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺎ‬.

8. ‫ﻣﺜةل‬ٔ‫ا‬
8888
HomonymsHomonymsHomonymsHomonyms‫ﻟﻠﻔﻆ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻣﺸﱰك‬‫ﻟﻠﻔﻆ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻣﺸﱰك‬‫ﻟﻠﻔﻆ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻣﺸﱰك‬‫ﻟﻠﻔﻆ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻣﺸﱰك‬::::
‫ﻳﺔ‬‫ﲒ‬‫ٕﳒﻠ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﰲ‬bank‫ﻣﴫف‬ ‫ﺗﻌﲏ‬ٔ‫ا‬‫اﻟﳯﺮ‬ ‫ﺿﻔﺔ‬ ‫و‬
‫ﺑﻴﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﰲ‬:
‫ﺟﱭ‬:‫اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬“‫ﺒﻨﺔ‬‫ﺟ‬”ٔ‫ا‬‫و‬‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﳈﺼﺪر‬“‫ﺟﺒﺎن‬”
‫ﻋﲔ‬:‫ذات‬ ‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫اﳌﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﲔ‬ ‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫اﳌﺒﴫة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﲔ‬ ‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫اﳉﺎﺳﻮس‬ ‫ﲟﻌﲎ‬..‫ﻣﺸﺪدة‬ ‫ﻧﺖ‬‫ﰷ‬ ‫ٕذا‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻴﺎء‬ ‫ن‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫اض‬‫ﱰ‬‫ابﻓ‬ ‫ﻋﲔ‬:‫ذات‬ ‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫اﳌﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﲔ‬ ‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫اﳌﺒﴫة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﲔ‬ ‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫اﳉﺎﺳﻮس‬ ‫ﲟﻌﲎ‬..‫ﻣﺸﺪدة‬ ‫ﻧﺖ‬‫ﰷ‬ ‫ٕذا‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻴﺎء‬ ‫ن‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫اض‬‫ﱰ‬‫ابﻓ‬
“ّ‫ﻋﲔ‬”‫د‬ّ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﻒ‬ّ‫وﻇ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﲎ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻬﺎ‬
PolysemyPolysemyPolysemyPolysemy‫ﺑﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺘﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬‫و‬ ‫اﳌﻌﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪد‬‫ﺑﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺘﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬‫و‬ ‫اﳌﻌﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪد‬‫ﺑﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺘﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬‫و‬ ‫اﳌﻌﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪد‬‫ﺑﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺘﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬‫و‬ ‫اﳌﻌﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪد‬
‫ﻳﺔ‬‫ﲒ‬‫ٕﳒﻠ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﰲ‬face‫وﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﲟﻌﲎ‬ٔ‫ا‬‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬‫ﻣﺒﲎ‬ ‫اهجﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫و‬
‫ﳇﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﰲ‬“‫وﺟﻪ‬”‫هجﺔ‬ ‫وﲟﻌﲎ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﲟﻌﲎ‬/‫س‬ٔ‫ا‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اذلي‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫وﲟﻌﲎ‬ ‫انﺣﻴﺔ‬

9. ‫ﻣﺜةل‬ٔ‫ا‬
9999
‫اﶺﻞ‬ ‫ـﺒﻪ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﱐ‬‫اﶺﻞ‬ ‫ـﺒﻪ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﱐ‬‫اﶺﻞ‬ ‫ـﺒﻪ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﱐ‬‫اﶺﻞ‬ ‫ـﺒﻪ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﱐ‬
"Ahmed saw a man on a hill with a telescope“‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫م‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺟﻞ؟‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫م‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﲪﺪ؟‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﳉﻬﺎز‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬
‫ﻬﻀﺒﺔ؟‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬
‫ﳏﺬوف‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻻت‬‫ﳏﺬوف‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻻت‬‫ﳏﺬوف‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻻت‬‫ﳏﺬوف‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻻت‬::::
‫ﻳﺔ‬‫ﲒ‬‫ٕﳒﻠ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﰲ‬He is a student but you are not: ‫ﻳﺔ‬‫ﲒ‬‫ٕﳒﻠ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﰲ‬He is a student but you are not:
‫ﺑﻴﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﰲ‬:‫اﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻞ‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ول‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬
‫اﶺﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﺣﺪة‬‫ﻮ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﶺةل‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫اﶺﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﺣﺪة‬‫ﻮ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﶺةل‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫اﶺﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﺣﺪة‬‫ﻮ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﶺةل‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫اﶺﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﺣﺪة‬‫ﻮ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﶺةل‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺋﺮ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺋ‬‫ﺋ‬‫اﻟﻀﲈ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻻت‬‫اﻟﻀﲈ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻻت‬‫اﻟﻀﲈ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻻت‬‫اﻟﻀﲈ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻻت‬::::
Ahmed has two books. He bought them yesterday
‫ﲪﺪ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ﻛﺘﺎابن‬‫ﻛﺘﺎابن‬‫ﻛﺘﺎابن‬‫ﻛﺘﺎابن‬.‫ﻟﻘﺪ‬‫اﻫﲈ‬‫ﱰ‬‫اﺷ‬‫اﻫﲈ‬‫ﱰ‬‫اﺷ‬‫اﻫﲈ‬‫ﱰ‬‫اﺷ‬‫اﻫﲈ‬‫ﱰ‬‫اﺷ‬‫ﻣﺲ‬ٔ‫ا‬
Ahmed has three books. He bought them yesterday
‫ﲪﺪ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ﻛﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬‫ﻛﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬‫ﻛﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬‫ﻛﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬.‫ﻟﻘﺪ‬‫اﻫﺎ‬‫ﱰ‬‫اﺷ‬‫اﻫﺎ‬‫ﱰ‬‫اﺷ‬‫اﻫﺎ‬‫ﱰ‬‫اﺷ‬‫اﻫﺎ‬‫ﱰ‬‫اﺷ‬‫ﻣﺲ‬ٔ‫ا‬

10. ‫ﻣﺜةل‬ٔ‫ا‬
10101010
Proverbs [Proverbs [Proverbs [Proverbs [2222]]]]
'The life without wife like fifty without five
‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬:‫ﲬﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻼ‬ ‫اﶆﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫زوﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫اﳊﻴﺎة‬
‫ﺘﻔﺴﲑ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬:ً‫ﺌ‬‫ﺷﻴ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎوي‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫زواج‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫اﳊﻴﺎة‬‫ﺎ‬.
Always has been, always will beAlways has been, always will be
‫ﺗﺮﲨﺔ‬:ً‫ﲚ‬‫دا‬ ‫ﰷن‬‫ﺎ‬‫دا‬ ‫ـﻴﻈﻞ‬‫ﺳ‬‫و‬ً‫ﲚ‬‫ﺎ‬.
‫ﺗﻔﺴﲑ‬:‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺎب‬ ‫ﳾء‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ّ‫ﺷﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬.
A chip of the old block
‫ﺗﺮﲨﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻘﺪﱘ‬ ‫اﳉﺴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺎﻇﺮﻩ‬:‫ﺳﺪ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ذاك‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ـﺒﻞ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬
Don't trouble troubles, until troubles trouble you
‫ﺗﺮﲨﺔ‬:‫ـﺘﻔﺰك‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺗ‬‫و‬ ‫ﱔ‬ ‫ﰐ‬ٔ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ن‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫اﳌﺸﺎﰻ‬ ‫ٕاثرة‬‫اب‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮم‬ ‫ﻻ‬.
‫ﺑﻴﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺐ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻗ‬:‫وﻗﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼء‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪر‬ ‫ﻻ‬

11. ‫ﻴﺪة‬‫ﳉ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﴍوط‬
11111111
.١ً‫ﳓﻮ‬ ‫اﶺةل‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﳣﻜﻦ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ً‫ﻓ‬‫وﴏ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﻟﻠﻐﺘﲔ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫اﻋﺎة‬‫ﺮ‬‫وﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬
.٢‫هل‬ ‫ـﺒﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬‫اﳌﻨﺎ‬ ‫ادﻓﺎت‬‫ﱰ‬‫اﳌ‬ ‫ﺘﻴﺎر‬‫ﺧ‬‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ـﻴﺎق‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻋﺎة‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬
.٣‫اجملﺎز‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮب‬ٔ‫ﻼ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﲀﻓﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻴﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬‫ي‬‫ﺻﲆ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ‬ ‫اك‬‫ر‬‫ٕد‬‫ﻻ‬
.٤‫اﻟﱵ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻋﺎة‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻟﻔﺎظ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ـﳤﺠﻦ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬)‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬Girlfriend( .٤‫اﻟﱵ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻋﺎة‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻟﻔﺎظ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ـﳤﺠﻦ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬)‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬Girlfriend(
.٥‫اﳌﻌﺠﻤ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ‬ ‫وﲡﺎوز‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻆ‬‫ا‬ ‫ٕﳛﺎء‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻋﺎة‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻲ‬
.٦‫ﻟﻔﺎظ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺒﺪال‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬‫و‬ ‫اﳌﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫اﶺةل‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء‬ ‫ٕﻋﺎدة‬‫ا‬

12. ‫اﻟﻔﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺔ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺻﻌ‬ ‫ﻣﺎم‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻤةل‬‫ـ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﳌ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻴﻞ‬‫ﳊ‬‫ا‬
11112222
‫ﳫﻤﺔ‬‫ﳫﻤﺔ‬‫ﳫﻤﺔ‬‫ﺑﳫﻤﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﳇﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬‫ﳇﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬‫ﳇﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬‫ﳇﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬::::‫ي‬ٔ‫ا‬‫ﺗ‬ً‫ﻴ‬‫دﻻﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺠﺢ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ن‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ورﰬ‬ ،‫ﻓﻴﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺑﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﻘﻮم‬‫ـﺘﻮى‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﳖﺎ‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ٕﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮب‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬.
‫اﳌﻘﺼﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻤﻮض‬‫اﳌﻘﺼﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻤﻮض‬‫اﳌﻘﺼﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻤﻮض‬‫اﳌﻘﺼﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻤﻮض‬::::‫ﻳﱰك‬‫و‬ ‫اﳌﱰﰖ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻤﻮض‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻘﻰ‬ ،‫ﺻﲇ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﲽﻮﺿ‬ ‫ﳚﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻔﻬﻤﻪ‬ ‫اذلي‬ ‫اﳌﻌﲎ‬ ‫ﺘﻴﺎر‬‫ﺧ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻳﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﳊ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎرئ‬.‫ﻳﻔﻬﻤﻪ‬ ‫اذلي‬ ‫اﳌﻌﲎ‬ ‫ﺘﻴﺎر‬‫ﺧ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻳﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﳊ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎرئ‬.
‫اﳌﻘﺼﻮد‬ ‫اﳊﺬف‬‫اﳌﻘﺼﻮد‬ ‫اﳊﺬف‬‫اﳌﻘﺼﻮد‬ ‫اﳊﺬف‬‫اﳌﻘﺼﻮد‬ ‫اﳊﺬف‬::::‫ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ن‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﴍط‬ ‫ﲝﺬﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮم‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﳇﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺠﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﴐو‬.
‫ﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﳤﺎ‬‫ﳤ‬‫ﳤ‬‫ﳤ‬‫ﺑﻠﻐ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة‬ ‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﳫﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮك‬‫ﺑﻠﻐ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة‬ ‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﳫﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮك‬‫ﺑﻠﻐ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة‬ ‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﳫﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮك‬‫ﺑﻠﻐ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة‬ ‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﳫﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮك‬::::‫ﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﶺةل‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﱰﰖ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎن‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫وﰲ‬ ،‫ﺗﺮﲨﳤﺎ‬ ‫وﻋﺪم‬
‫اﳌﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫اﶺةل‬ ‫ﻣﺎم‬ٔ‫ا‬.

13. ‫ﺷﻬﺮة‬ ‫ﻛﱶ‬ٔ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟ‬ٓ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫اﻗﻊ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻣ‬
11113333
١.9%A8%D85%9%AC%D8%D1%B8%AA%D8%D84%9%D7%A8http://context.reverso.net/%D
٢.http://basm.kacst.edu.sa/default.aspx
٣.%D5%B8%D85%9%D84%9%D7%A8%D83%9%D86%9%D8%A8http://www.arabization.org.ma/%D
8%AD%D8%D88%9%D85%9%D84%9%D7%A8%AA%D8%D7%A8%AD%D8%D84%9%D7%B8
.aspx9%A8%AF%D
٤.-9%A8%D9%B8%D88%9%D85%9%AC%D8%D85%9arabia.com/%D-a-http://www.m
-%AA8%D7%A8%AD%D8%D84%9%D7%B8%D5%B8%D85%9%D84%9%D7%A8%D -%AA8%D7%A8%AD%D8%D84%9%D7%B8%D5%B8%D85%9%D84%9%D7%A8%D
-9%A8A%D8%9%D85%9%D84%9%D9%B8%D84%9%D7%A8%D
%AA8%D84%9%D7%A8%D-9%A8A%D8%9%D86%9%D81%9%D84%9%D7%A8%D88%9%D/
٥.www.freetranslation.com/
٦.translation.babylon.com
٧.www.worldlingo.com
٨.translate.google.com.eg
٩.www.bing.com/translator
١٠.http://www.almaany.com/home.php?language=english&lang_name=Arabic&word=translate

14. ‫ﻟﻠﻤﱰﲨﲔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺎﰁ‬
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‫ﻟﻠﻐﺘﲔ‬‫اب‬ ‫اﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫اءة‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﻘ‬
‫ٕﱁ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﴫف‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﻮ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺘﲔ‬‫ا‬ ‫وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬ ‫اﻋﺪ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻓﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﻌ‬
‫ـﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎﲥﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫اﻛﻴﺐ‬‫ﱰ‬‫اﻟ‬‫و‬ ‫اﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺴﲈع‬ ‫اﳊﺪس‬ ‫ﳮﻴﺔ‬‫ﺗ‬
‫اﳌﱰﰖ‬ ‫اﶈﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻘﺎﰲ‬ ‫الاﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫اﻋﺎة‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬‫اﳌﱰﰖ‬ ‫اﶈﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻘﺎﰲ‬ ‫الاﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫اﻋﺎة‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫الاﻋامتد‬ ‫وﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﺑﺬﰷء‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺔ‬ٓ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫وﳏﺮﰷت‬ ‫اﳌﻮﺳﻮﻋﺎت‬‫و‬ ‫اﻣﻴﺲ‬‫ﻮ‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ـﺘﺨﺪام‬‫ﺳ‬‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ـﻴﺎق‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻋﺎة‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺑﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ذكل‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ـﺘﻌﺎﺿﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬‫والا‬ ،‫اﻟﻨﺼﻮص‬‫و‬ ‫اﶺﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﰷﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﲁ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺔ‬ٓ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﳏﺮﰷت‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﳫﲈت‬‫و‬ ‫اﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬.
‫ﻳﱰﲨﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﳎﺎل‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﳣ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬

15. ‫اﳌﱰﲨﲔ‬ ‫ﲥﻢ‬ ‫اﻗﻊ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻣ‬
11115555
http://www.proz.com/‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬ ،‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺺ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺔ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ـﺘﻌ‬‫ﺳ‬‫الا‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻨﻚ‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﻤﱰﲨﲔ‬ ‫ﳣﻊ‬‫ﳎ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫اﶺةل‬ ‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬..‫اﳋﺼﻮص‬ ‫وﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺔ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺼﺢ‬.
http://www.ozdic.com/‫ابﻟـ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻓامي‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻨﻚ‬Collocations
http://corpus.byu.edu/coca/‫اﻟـ‬ ‫ﻓﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﳌﻌ‬Collocation‫ﰲ‬ ‫ابﻟﳫﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻳﻖ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻃ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ،‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬
‫اﶺةل‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ـﺘﺨﺪام‬‫ﺳ‬‫الا‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺎﰀ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﳊﺼﻮل‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺼﻮص‬
webster.com/-http://www.merriam‫اﻛﻴﺐ‬‫ﱰ‬‫اﻟ‬‫و‬ ‫اﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﳫﲈت‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ‬
ib335yy1w9ie8https://www.mediafire.com/?au‫ﻳﺔ‬‫ﲒ‬‫ٕﳒﻠ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ـﻴﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺳﺎ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻋﺪ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻟﻠﻘ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ‬

16. ‫ﻴﺺ‬‫ﺘﻠﺨ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻓﻦ‬
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‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﳊﻔﺎظ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﳫﲈت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﰷﺗﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮب‬ٔ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺻﲇ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺺ‬ ‫از‬‫ﺮ‬‫ٕﺑ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬‫اﳌﻜﺘﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺐ‬
]٣.[
‫اﳋﻼﺻﺔ‬‫اﳋﻼﺻﺔ‬‫اﳋﻼﺻﺔ‬‫اﳋﻼﺻﺔ‬::::‫ﻓﻘﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ،‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ﺗﺮﻛﲒ‬ ‫ﻛﱶ‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﻓﻬـﻲ‬ ،‫اﻟﳫﲈت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻗﻞ‬ٔ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻫﺮ‬ ‫اج‬‫ﺮ‬‫ـﺘﺨ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﱔ‬
‫ﺻﲇ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬‫و‬‫ﻋﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻳﺪل‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ٕﳚﺎز‬‫ا‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﲡﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﲔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻓﻘ‬ ‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬ ،‫اﺣﺪة‬‫و‬.
‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﳘﻴﺔ‬ٔ‫ا‬
١-‫اﻟﱰﻛﲒ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎرئ‬ ‫ﻳﺐ‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﺪ‬،‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮع‬ ‫اﳌﻬﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺎط‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬‫و‬.
٢-‫اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎب‬‫و‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﲓ‬‫و‬ ،‫اﳌﻜﺜﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﲻﲇ‬ ‫ﻳﺐ‬‫ر‬‫ﺗﺪ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬.
٣-‫اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﻓﲑ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﴐورة‬ ‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬.
٤-‫اﳌﻠﺨﺼﺔ‬ ‫اﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻫﺪاﻓﻪ‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﻓﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫وﻣﻌ‬ ‫اﻟﲀﺗﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﲀر‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﲓ‬ ‫ﺗﺬوق‬.
٥-‫اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺪ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺗ‬.
٦-‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬‫و‬ ،‫ات‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﳌﺆﲤ‬‫و‬ ‫ات‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫همﻢ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬.

17. ‫ﻴﺺ‬‫ﺘﻠﺨ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﺣﻞ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬
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‫ﻴﺘﲔ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺳﺎ‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗﲔ‬‫ﲒ‬‫رﻛ‬ ‫اﳉﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟﻠ‬:‫وﱃ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬:‫اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬/‫ﻧﻴﺔ‬‫ﺎ‬‫اﻟﺜ‬‫و‬ ،‫ﻳﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﻔﻜ‬:‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬)‫ﻳﺔ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻟﻐ‬ ‫همﺎرة‬(
‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻌ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻓﺮﻫﲈ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫وﳚﺐ‬.
‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﺣﻞ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﺣﻞ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﺣﻞ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﺣﻞ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬]]]]٣٣٣٣:[:[:[:[
‫وﱃ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﳋﻄﻮة‬)‫الا‬ ‫اءة‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﻘ‬‫ﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺳ‬:(‫اﻟﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ـﻴﺔ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺋﻴ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﲀر‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ‬،‫ﲢﳤﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮط‬ ‫ووﺿﻊ‬. ‫وﱃ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﳋﻄﻮة‬)‫الا‬ ‫اءة‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﻘ‬‫ﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺳ‬:(‫اﻟﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ـﻴﺔ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺋﻴ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﲀر‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ‬،‫ﲢﳤﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮط‬ ‫ووﺿﻊ‬.
‫ﻧﻴﺔ‬‫ﺎ‬‫اﻟﺜ‬ ‫اﳋﻄﻮة‬:‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﲈل‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﳋﻄﻮة‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺪدت‬ُ‫ﺣ‬ ‫اﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻓﲀر‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎم‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﲤﻴﲒ‬‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬
ً‫ﴐوراي‬.
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫اﳋﻄﻮة‬:‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬،‫ﺻﲇ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﺐ‬ُ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻓ‬،‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﲀﺗﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮب‬ٔ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺐ‬ُ‫ﻳ‬‫و‬‫اﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﻜﺮة‬.
‫اﺑﻌـﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﳋﻄﻮة‬:‫ﺻﲇ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ابﻟﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻧﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﻘﺎ‬،‫ﲱﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬،‫اء‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬‫ـﺒﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬‫اﳌﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼت‬

18. ‫ﻴﺪ‬‫ﳉ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻴﺺ‬‫ﺘﻠﺨ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﴍوط‬
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‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﴍوط‬:
١-‫ﺻﲇ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﳌﻌﲎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻐﲑ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﱴ‬ ‫اﳌﻠﺨﺼﺔ‬ ‫اﳌﺎدة‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﺪ‬ ‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﻳﻒ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﺘﺤ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﳚﻮز‬ ‫ﻻ‬.
٢-‫ﻧﻮي‬‫ﺎ‬‫اﻟﺜ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺋﻴﴘ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﳣﻴﲒ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻓﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﻌ‬،‫ﳘﻴﺔ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﲀر‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺗﺐ‬‫ﱰ‬‫ﻓ‬.
٣-‫اد‬‫ﺮ‬‫ـﺘﻄ‬‫ﺳ‬‫الا‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺺ‬ّ‫ﻠ‬‫اﻟﺘﺨ‬‫و‬ ‫ٕﳚﺎز‬‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬،‫اﻣﺶ‬‫ﻮ‬‫اﻟﻬ‬‫و‬،‫اﺋﺪة‬‫ﺰ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﺜةل‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬‫و‬. ٣-‫اد‬‫ﺮ‬‫ـﺘﻄ‬‫ﺳ‬‫الا‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺺ‬ّ‫ﻠ‬‫اﻟﺘﺨ‬‫و‬ ‫ٕﳚﺎز‬‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬،‫اﻣﺶ‬‫ﻮ‬‫اﻟﻬ‬‫و‬،‫اﺋﺪة‬‫ﺰ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﺜةل‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬‫و‬.
٤-‫ﺻﲇ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﺟﻊ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﳌ‬ ‫ٕﱃ‬‫ا‬ ‫ٕﺷﺎرة‬‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﲡﺎﻫﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬.
٥-‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ات‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻓﻘ‬ ‫ﲩﻢ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺎﺳﻖ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬.
٦-‫ﻓﲀر‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻋﺮض‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﺴﻞ‬‫ﻟﺘ‬‫ا‬.
٧-‫ﻣﻘﻨﻌﺔ‬ ‫ات‬‫ر‬‫ﻋﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻞ‬ٔ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬.
٨-‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫اب‬ ‫ﻗﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮب‬ٔ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬.

19. ‫ﺒﺤﺚ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫اﳌﻘﺎةل‬ ‫ﻴﺺ‬‫ﺗﻠﺨ‬
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ٕ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﳚﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﺎم‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﲁ‬ ‫اﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ات‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﻔﻘ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﻳﱲ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻨﺎﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬.
‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬:
‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اردة‬‫ﻮ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ـﻴﺔ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺋﻴ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ابﶺةل‬ ‫الاﻛﺘﻔﺎء‬ ‫ﻳﱲ‬.
‫ادلاﲻﺔ‬ ‫اﶺﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻧﺔ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ـﺘﻌ‬‫ﺳ‬‫الا‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬.
‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬.‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬.
‫اﳌﻘﺎةل‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬:
١-ً‫ﻓﲀر‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﱵ‬ ‫ات‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﻔﻘ‬ ‫ﲢﺬف‬‫ﳰﺔ‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ا‬.
٢-ً‫ﻌ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ات‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﻔﻘ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫دﻣﺞ‬‫اﻟﴬورة‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬.
٣-ً‫ﻘ‬‫وﻓ‬ ‫اﳌﻘﺎةل‬ ‫ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎد‬‫ﺻﲇ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺴﻠﺴﻞ‬‫ﻟﺘ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﳉﺪﻳﺪة‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺎ‬.

20. ‫اﻟﺮواﻳﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻴﺺ‬‫ﺗﻠﺨ‬
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‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬
١-‫اﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫اءة‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬ ‫اءة‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻗ‬.
٢-‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ـﻴﺔ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺋﻴ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﶈﺎور‬ ‫ﺗﺒﲔ‬.
٣-‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﶈﺎور‬ ‫ﺗﺒﲔ‬.
٤-‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻌ‬‫ﲨﻴ‬ ‫اﶈﺎور‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺑﻂ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟ‬. ٤-‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻌ‬‫ﲨﻴ‬ ‫اﶈﺎور‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺑﻂ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟ‬.
٥-‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬.
‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬ ،‫ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎت‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﲝﻴﺚ‬ ،‫ﲝﺬر‬ ‫ﻣﳯﺎ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﴫ‬‫و‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﻘﺼﺔ‬ ‫ـﻴﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺳﺎ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﴏ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺒﻪ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﺮواﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﰱ‬
‫اﻣﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ادل‬ ‫ﺣﺒﻜﳤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻌﻒ‬ ‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬ ،‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ‬ ،‫ﺣﺪاث‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺴﻠﺴﻞ‬‫ﺗ‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬::::‫اﳉﻴﺪ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎت‬ ‫وﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻟﻒ‬‫ﺆ‬‫اﳌ‬‫و‬ ‫اﳌﻠﺨﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬ ‫اﰟ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﳚﺐ‬‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﻚ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬

21. ‫اﻟﺮواﻳﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻴﺺ‬‫ﺗﻠﺨ‬
22221111
‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬‫ﻛ‬::::
‫اﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬‫و‬‫ﺗﺪ‬:‫ﻟﻔﺘﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﲀر‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ات‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻓﻘ‬ ‫ي‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬ ،‫اﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬‫و‬‫ﺑﺘﺪ‬ ‫ﰴ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎب‬ ‫اءﺗﻚ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺒﺎﻫﻚ‬‫ا‬.
‫اﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫ﲨﻊ‬:‫ﻧﻘﺤﻬﺎ‬‫و‬ ‫وراﺟﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﲨﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬ ‫اءة‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻧﳤﺎﺋﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬.
‫اﳌﻠﺨﺺ‬:‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﲨﻌﳤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﱵ‬ ‫ـﻴﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺳﺎ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻓﲀر‬ٔ‫ﻼ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺔ‬‫ﴎ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ‬.
‫اﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫ـﺘﺨﺪام‬‫ﺳ‬‫ا‬:‫اﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬ ‫ـﺘﺨﺪم‬‫ﺳ‬‫ا‬ ،‫اﳋﻼﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﲀر‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ٕﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬‫ا‬ ‫ٕﱃ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺘﺎج‬‫ـ‬‫ﺳ‬
‫اﳉﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﳌﻠﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﲠﺎ‬ ‫اﳋﺎص‬ ‫ٕﻃﺎر‬‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﲷﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﰻ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻘ‬‫ـﺒ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻳﳯﺎ‬‫و‬‫ﺑﺘﺪ‬ ‫ﳃﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﱵ‬.
‫ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬:‫اﳌﻠﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ‬‫ﺑ‬ ٔ‫ا‬‫اﺑﺪ‬ ‫ن‬ٓ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬)‫ﻓﲀر‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫وﺻﻒ‬(‫اءﺗﻚ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ً‫ا‬‫اﻋامتد‬ ‫ﺑﻚ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳﻠ‬ٔ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ٕﻟﳱﺎ‬‫ا‬ ‫وﺻﻠﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﱵ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎب‬.
‫اﳌﻠﺨﺺ‬ ‫اﺟﻌﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬:‫اﳌﻠﺨﺺ‬ ‫وﺿﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﰴ‬ ،‫اﳌﻠﺨﺺ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺘﻀﻤﻴﳯﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﳃﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﱵ‬ ‫ات‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﻔﻘ‬ ‫وﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ‬ ‫اﺟﻌﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﲟ‬ ‫ﰴ‬
‫ٕﻣﻼﺋﻴﺔ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎء‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫وراﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬.

22. ‫اﻟﺮواﻳﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻴﺺ‬‫ﺗﻠﺨ‬
22222222
‫اﳌﻠﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﰐ‬ٓ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻋﺎة‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﳚﺐ‬:
‫ات‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﻔﻘ‬ ‫ﺑﱰ‬ ‫ﲡﻨﺐ‬:‫ﺑﺸﲁ‬ ‫اﳌﻔﻬﻮم‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑﻄ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﳤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﲏ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬‫ﻓ‬ ،‫ﻴﻨﺔ‬‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮة‬ ‫ٕﻛﲈل‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫و‬ٔ‫ا‬
‫ﺋﳤﺎ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﲡ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬‫و‬ ‫وﳐﺘﴫ‬ ‫ﰷﻣﻞ‬.
‫ﻣﺜةل‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫ار‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺗﻜ‬ ‫ﲡﻨﺐ‬:‫ﻟﻠﻔﻜﺮة‬ ‫اﺣﺪ‬‫و‬ ‫ﲟﺜﺎل‬ ‫الاﻛﺘﻔﺎء‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬.
‫ازن‬‫ﻮ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬:‫ﻣﻌﲔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﱰﻛﲒ‬ ‫دون‬ ‫ازن‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻣﺘ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﲁ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻓﲀر‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﻏﻠﺐ‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫اﳌﻠﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫ن‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﳚﺐ‬
‫ﺧﺮى‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﺿﻴﻊ‬‫ﻮ‬‫اﳌ‬ ‫ﻫﲈل‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬.
‫اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫اج‬‫ر‬‫ٕد‬‫ا‬:‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬ ‫اﰟ‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎب‬ ‫ـﻴﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺳﺎ‬ٔ‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﲨﻴﻊ‬ ‫اج‬‫ر‬‫ٕد‬‫اب‬ ‫ﰴ‬–‫اﻟﲀﺗﺐ‬ ‫اﰟ‬–‫ﻛﲈ‬ ،‫ٕﱁ‬‫ا‬
‫ﳐﺘﴫ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﲁ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ٔ‫ا‬‫ور‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺨﴢ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﻚ‬‫ا‬ ‫اج‬‫ر‬‫ٕد‬‫ا‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬.

23. ‫اﳌﺎدة‬ ‫ﲢﻀﲑ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر‬
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]١" [‫اﻟﱰﲨﺔ‬:‫ﻳﺔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺣﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﴐورة‬"‫د‬ ،.، ‫ﺑﻨﻐﻼدﻳﺶ‬ ،‫ﻧﻎ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺷﻴﺘﺎﻏ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ٕﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺎت‬‫ر‬‫د‬ ،‫اﻟﻨﻌﲈﱏ‬ ‫ٕﺳﻼم‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺐ‬ ‫ﺟﲈل‬ ‫ﺑﻮ‬ٔ‫ا‬
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]٢[9%A8%D85%9%AC%D8%D1%B8%AA%D8http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D
]٣[16970250-http://www.slideshare.net/mohamedateaa/ss
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24. ‫ﺧﺮى‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر‬
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