Premeniliary lecture for young mechanical engineers to know about the power plants.

1. POWER PLANTS

3. POWER PLANTS
• A POWER PLANT IS A ASSEMBLY OF SYSTEMS AND
SUBSYSTEMS TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY i.e POWER
WITH ECONOMY AND REQUIREMENTS.
• ALL THE EQUIPMENT INCLUDING STRUCTRUAL
MEMBERS, THAT CONSTITUTE A UNIT POWER SOURCE.
• A COMPLEX OF STRUCTURE, MACHINERY &
ASSOCIATED EQUP FOR GENERATING ELECTRICAL
ENERGY FROM ANOTHER SOURCE OF ENERGY
• ENERGY CENTRES OR SALABLE ENERGY
• HIGH GRADE AND LOW GRADE ENERGY
• DEGRADATION OF ENERGY--?SURROUNDING BEING
HEATED---

4. IMPORTANT TERMS
• RENEWABLE RESOURCES—INFINITE RESOUCES
• NON RENEWABLE RESOURCES- usually finite
• CLASSIFICATION OF PP- BY FUEL, BY PRIME
MOVER, BY DUTY
• CONVENTIONAL & NON CONVENTIONAL POWER
STATIONS
• ENERGY DENSITY—COAL & SOLAR COMPARISION
• ENERGY CONVERTORS-ELECTRIC MOTOR
• ENERGY CONSUMPTIONS-PAKISTAN.
• HUILE BLANCHE

5. SOURCES OF FUEL
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
WATER-3 GORGES DAM, 22,500MW
COAL- 5780 MW
FUEL OIL -4,400 MW
PEAT- 1500 MW
BIOFUEL- 750 MW
GEO THERMAL- 303 MW
PUMPED STORAGE HYDROELECTRICITY(PSH)3,000MW

6. FUEL SOURCES
•
•
•
•
•
•
RUN OF THE RIVER---2,620 MW
TIDE—254 MW
SOLAR POWER –80.7MW
CONCENTRATED PHOTOVOLTIC---37 MW
WAVE—ONSHORE & OFFSHORE
PL FIND ENERGY MIX OF PAKISTAN , PROJECTS
IN PIPE LINE ?

7. OIL SHALE
• ALSO CALLED KEROGEN
SHALE.
• ORGANIC RICH FINE
GRAINED SEDEMENTARY
ROCKED
• PYROLYSIS YIELDS
VAPOUR .UPON COOLING
IT CAN BE USED AS LOW
GRADE OIL
• ESTIMATES OF 2.8 TO 3.3
TRILLION BARRELS OF OIL

8. METHANE HYDRATE/ICE
• METHANE CHATHRATE
FOUND IN LOW TEMP
REGIONS-ITS IS
ENVISIONED AS A GAME
CHANGER
• WATER MOLECULE
SURROUNDS METHANE
• CRYSTALLINE SOLID
CONSISTS OF METHANE
MOLECULES
SURROUNDED BY A CAGE
OF INTERLOCKING WATER
MOLECULES.

9. LAYOUT OF PP

10. CLASSIFICATION OF POWER PLANTS

11. THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS
• SENSIBLE HEAT– TEMP CHANGE
• LATENT HEAT ---PHYSICAL STATE OF SUBSTANCE
• WHEN HEAT IS NOT REFLECTED IN TEMP
CHANGE, WE INCREASE THE DISTANCE BETWEEN
MOLECULES.
• SO LATENT HEAT IS THE ENERGY PRICE THAT
MUST BE PAID FOR A CHANGE OF STATE.THE
ENERGY IS NOT LOST COMPLETELY BUT STORED
AS INTERNAL ENERGY AND IS REPAID WHEN IT
AGAIN CHANGES ITS STATE.

13. GENERATION OF STEAM
• PROCESS OF BOILINGLIQUID AND VAPOUR
EQUILIBRIUM AND IT
DEPENDS ON PRESSURE
• WHEN A LIQUID IS BOILING
AND GENERATING VAPOUR
IT IS SATURATED LIQUID
AND SARURATED
VAPOUR.SATURATION TEMP
AND SATURATION
PRESSURE
• CRITICAL POINT –UNIQUE
WORKING FLUID.
• BOILER OPERATES AT
CONSTANT PRESSURE
• FURTHER HEAT IS ADDED IN
SUPER HEATER AND IS
SUPER HEATED STEAM.
• THE AMOUNT BY WHICH
THE TEMP OF SUPERHEATER
STEAM EXCEEDS THE TEMP
OF SATURATED STEAM AT
THE SAME PRESSURE IS
DEGREE OF SUPERHEAT.(
790-490)= 300 AT 600PSI

14. SUPERHEATING
• SUPERHEATING PROVIDES
A GREATER TEMP
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
BOILER AND CONDENSOR
THUS ALLOWING MORE
HEAT TO BE CONVERTED
TO WORK AT THE
TURBINES.
• SUPERHEAT STEAM IS DRY
AND CAUSES LESS
CORROSION OF PIPING
AND MACHINERY.
• DOES NOT CONDUCT
HEAT AS RAPIDLY AS
SATURATED STEAM.
• INCREASED EFFICIENCY
WHICH RESULTS FROM
THE USE OF
SUPERHEATED STEAM
REDUCES THE AMOUNT
OF FUEL OIL REQUIRED
TO GENERATE EACH KG
OF STEAM, HENCE
WEIGHT AND SPACE
REQUIREMENT

17. STEAM TABLES

18. ENERGY ANALYSIS

20. NUMERICAL
• A RIGID TANK CONTAINS 50 KG OF SATURATED
LIQUID WATER AT 90 °C. DETERMINE THE
PRESSURE IN THE TANK AND THE VOLUME OF
THE TANK?
• A RIGID TANK CONTAINS 10 KG OF WATER AT
90°C. IF 8 KG OF THE WATER IS IN LIQUID
FORM AND THE RESTIS IN THE FORM OF
VAPOUR. FIND PRESSURE AND VOLUME?